Annex32 WIFI RDS Help Version 1.60.3
<!-- If the browser does not support frames put the first topic content here --> <div class="WordSection1"> <p class="MsoTitle" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>ANNEX32 WI-FI RDS</b></p> <p class="MsoTitle" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <a name="_dck62oxq5qfh"></a><b>User Manual</b></p> <p class="MsoTitle" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <a name="_tpyvchrbcnbj"></a><b><span style= 'font-size:18.0pt;line-height:115%'>Version beta 1.60.3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:115%'>© ciccioCB 2024</span></b></p> <span style= 'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><br clear="all" style='page-break-before:always' /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:30.0pt;line-height:115%'>COPYRIGHT</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Annex firmware, including the AnnexToolKit and this manual, are Copyright 2017-2024 by Francesco Ceccarella (ciccioCB).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The compiled object code (the .bin file) for the Annex firmware is free software: you can use or redistribute it as you please except for commercial purposes. <span style= 'background:white'>It is not allowed to distribute or embed it into products that are sold or for any other activity making or intended to make a profit.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The compiled object code (the .exe file) for the AnnexToolKit utility is free software: you can use or redistribute it as you please except for commercial purposes. <span style='background:white'>It is not allowed to distribute or embed it into products that are sold or for any other activity making or intended to make a profit.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even</p> <p class="MsoNormal">the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This manual is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 France license <a href= "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><span style= 'color:#1155CC'>(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)</span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or redistributions of the Software in any form.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:125%'> <b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:125%'>License and credits</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The base of the interpreter comes from the original project "MiniBasic" by Malcom Mclean.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Adafruit BNO055 Orientation Sensor library is written by KTOWN is Copyright © Adafruit Industries. It is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>TFT_eSPI display Library is Copyright © 2017 Bodmer. It is released under FreeBSD license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Adafruit PWM Servo Driver Library is Copyright © Adafruit. It is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Arduino Library for Dallas Temperature ICs is Copyright © Miles Burton <miles@mnetcs.com>. It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>OneWire Library is Copyright 1999-2006 Dallas Semiconductor Corporation and Copyright © 2007, Jim Studt.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Adafruit DHT Humidity & Temperature Sensor Library is Copyright © Adafruit. It is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP8266 and ESP32 Oled Driver for SSD1306 display is Copyright © 2016 by Daniel Eichhorn and Copyright © 2016 by Fabrice Weinberg</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>NeoPixelBus library is Copyright © Michael C. Miller. It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP AsyncTCP library is Copyright © 2016 Hristo Gochkov. It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP AsyncWebServer library is Copyright © 2016 Hristo Gochkov. It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>IRremote library is Copyright © Sebastien Warin, Mark Szabo, Ken Shirriff, David Conran. It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>uRTCLib is is Copyright © 2015 Naguissa (naguissa.com@gmail.com). It is released under LGPL license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>BME280 library is written by Limor Fried/Ladyada for Adafruit Industries. It is released under BSD license,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>APDS9960 library is written by Shawn Hymel for Sparkfun Electronics. It is released under Beerware license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>PID Library is written by Brett Beauregard (br3ttb@gmail.com). It is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The Javascript Editor EditArea is Copyright © 2008 Christophe Dolivet. It is released under BSD license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The M5Stack library is copyright © 2017 by M5Stack. It is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The MPU9250 driver is part of the M5Stack Library.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The VL53L0X driver is Copyright © 2017 Pololu. It contains code © 2016 STMicroelectronics.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Some GUI objects come from the library GUIslice Copyright © Calvin Hass that is released under MIT license.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>The MFRD522 library is written by Miguel Balboa and is released as free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:125%'> <b><span style= 'font-size:18.0pt;line-height:125%'>Contributions</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A very big thank you to Robin Baker (Electroguard) for his great involvement in the project by supporting all the tests on the real hardware (bought with his money), and all the advices that allowed me to add a lot of functionality, not to mention the Huge work he did while documenting the project on the website.</p> <span style= 'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><br clear="all" style='page-break-before:always' /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'>Content :</span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367446">Introduction: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>31</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367447">Interpreter: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>34</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367448">Branch labels<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>34</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367449">Variables: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>35</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367450">Arrays: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>36</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367451"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.BASE 1</span></b>. <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>36</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367452"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LBOUND(array() [, dimension])</span></b> : Returns the lower bound of the specified array dimension. <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>37</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367453"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>UBOUND(array() [, dimension])</span></b> : Returns the upper bound of the specified array dimension. <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>37</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367454">Scope of the variables: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>38</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367455">Bases of the language<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>39</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367456">OPERATORS AND PRECEDENCE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>39</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367457">Basic internal keywords: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>41</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367458">IF command : <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>41</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367459">FOR loop<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>42</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367460">WHILE WEND loop<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>43</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367461">DO LOOP loop<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>44</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367462">SELECT CASE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>45</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367463">GOTO<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>46</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367464">GOSUB<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>46</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367465">DATA<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>47</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367466">END<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>48</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367467">EXIT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>48</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367468">SUB<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>48</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367469">Logical / boolean Operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>50</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367470">ERRORS HANDLING<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>51</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367471"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ONERROR ABORT</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367472"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ONERROR IGNORE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367473"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ONERROR SKIP [nn]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367474"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ONERROR CLEAR</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367475"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ONERROR GOTO [label | OFF]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367476"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRLINE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367477"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRNUM</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367478"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRMSG$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>52</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367479">HOW the interpreter works with the HTML code and Objects : <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>53</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367480">HTML Objects<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>57</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367481">TIMERS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>62</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367482">EVENTS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>62</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367483">Button Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>63</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367484">OnHtmlChange Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>63</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367485">OnHtmlReloadEvent <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>63</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367486">OnInfrared Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>64</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367487">OnSerial Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>64</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367488">OnSerial2 Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>64</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367489">OnTouch Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>65</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367490">OnUDP Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>65</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367491">OnWgetAsync Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>65</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367492">OnUrlMessage Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>66</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367493">OnEspNowMsg Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>69</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367494">OnEspNowError Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>70</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367495">OnMQTT Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>70</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367496">OnPlay Event <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>70</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367497">WiFI CONNECTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>70</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367498">PROGRAM AUTORUN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>72</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367499">RECOVERY MODE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>73</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367500">SLEEP mode (low energy) and RTC memory<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>73</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367501">DATE - TIME timekeeper <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>74</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367502">Unix Time functions<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>75</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367503">FAT32 File System<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>75</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367504"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.COPY(filename$, newfile$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367505"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.DELETE(filename$)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367506"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.EXISTS(filename$)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367507"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.RENAME(oldname$, newname$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367508"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.SIZE(filename$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367509"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.MKDIR(dirname$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367510"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.RMDIR(dirname$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367511"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.DIR$(path$)</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367512"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.READ$(filename$, [line_num] | [start, length])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367513"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.APPEND filename$, content$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>77</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367514"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.SAVE filename$, content$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367515"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.WRITE filename$, content$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367516"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.FROMBASE64 source$, dest$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367517"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.TOBASE64 source$, dest$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367518"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.SAVE_IOBUFF</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367519"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.WRITE_IOBUFF</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367520"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.APPEND_IOBUFF</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367521"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.READ_IOBUFF</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>78</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367522">Download files from another module or WEB server <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>79</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367523"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>FILE.DOWNLOAD url$, file_path$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>79</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367524">Notes: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>79</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367525">I/O BUFFERS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>80</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367526">Read Operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>82</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367527">Write Operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>82</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367528">Special operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>83</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367529">Advanced operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>83</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367530">Bit operations<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>84</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367531">Buffer copy<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>84</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367532">Code examples : <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>84</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367533">WIRING<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>87</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367534">DIGITAL I/O<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>88</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367535"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>PIN.STRENGTH 15, 2</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>89</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367536">PIN SERIAL SHIFTING<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>89</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367537"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>PIN.SHIFTOUT pin_data, pin_clk, data [, bit_order] [, nb_bits] [, delay_us]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>90</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367538"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>PIN.SHIFTIN( pin_data, pin_clk [, bit_order] [, nb_bits] [, delay_us] )</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>91</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367539">PIN INTERRUPTS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>91</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367540">Analog inputs<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>93</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367541">TOUCH inputs<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>93</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367542">Analog outputs<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>93</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367543">Hardware interfaces: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>94</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367544">PWM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>94</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367545"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>PWM.SETUP</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>pin, channel, default_value, [,frequency] [,resolution]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>95</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367546"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <i>channel, value</i><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>95</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367547">SERVO<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>95</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367548">I2S BUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>97</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367549">SPEAKER OUTPUT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>99</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367550">I2C BUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>100</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367551"><b>PCF8574 Module</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>101</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367552"><b>ADS1115 Module</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>102</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367553"><b>MCP23017 Module</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>105</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367554">SPI BUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>106</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367555"><b>74HC595 Module</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>109</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367556"><b>MCP23S17 Module</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>110</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367557">CAN BUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>112</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367558">CAN.SETUP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>113</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367559">CAN.INIT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>114</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367560">CAN.STOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>114</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367561">CAN.WRITE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>114</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367562">CAN.WRITE_IOBUFF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>115</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367563">ONCANBUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>115</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367564">CANBUS BUFFERS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>117</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367565">RMT Module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>119</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367566"><b>Key Features</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>119</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367567"><b>Memory Management and Synchronisation of RMT Channels</b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>120</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367568"><b>Clock Divider</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>120</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367569"><b>RMT RAM Composition</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>121</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367570"><b>Memory Block Extension</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>122</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367571"><b>RMT Transmit Synchronisation</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>123</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367572"><b>TX Transmitter Mode</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>123</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367573"><b>RX Reception Mode</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>124</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367574"><b>RX Reception Event</b> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>124</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367575"><b>RMT Command Functions</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>124</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367576"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.SETUP_TX channel, pin [, clk_div] [, mem_block_num] [, idle_level] [, loop_en] [, carrier_en] [, carrier_freq_hz] [, carrier_duty_percent] [, carrier_level]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>124</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367577"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.WRITE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>channel, num_items, name [, wait]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>125</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367578"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>channel, num_items, array() [, wait]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>125</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367579"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.SETUP_RX channel, pin [, clk_div] [, mem_block_num] [, invert] [, filter_en] [, filter_ticks_thresh] [, idle_threshold] [, rm_carrier] [, carrier_freq_hz] [, carrier_duty_percent] [, carrier_level]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>125</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367580"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.READ array()</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>126</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367581"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.DECODE array()</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>126</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367582"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.ADD_GROUP channel</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>126</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367583"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.DEL_GROUP channel</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>126</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367584"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>RMT.END channel</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>127</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367585"><b>Synchronisation in Groups</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>127</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367586"><b>Example 1: RMT Transmission of a Pulse Sequence</b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>127</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367587"><b>Example 2: RMT Transmission of a Sinusoidal Pattern</b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>129</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367588"><b>Example 3: Synchronized RMT Transmission of Sinusoidal Patterns</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>131</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367589"><b>Example 4: Infrared Signal Reception and Decoding with RMT on ESP32</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>133</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367590">COUNTERS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>135</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367591">PID controllers<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>136</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367592">SOUND PLAYER<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>138</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367593">Metadata Decoding from Mp3 and streaming<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>140</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367594">SPEECH SYNTHESIS with vintage C64 SAM speaker <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>141</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367595">SPEECH SYNTHESIS using google translate<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>142</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367596">SPEECH SYNTHESIS using voiceRSS free service<span style= 'color:windowtext;display: none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>143</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367597">VS1053B Audio Decoder <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>144</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367598"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.SETUP XCS_pin, XDCS_pin, DREQ_pin [,info_enabled] [,SPIfreq] [SCI_CLOCKF]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>146</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367599"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.PLAY file$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>146</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367600"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.STREAM streaming_url$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>147</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367601"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.VOICE "message", "language"</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>147</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367602"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.STOP</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>147</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367603"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.VOLUME vol</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>147</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367604"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.RESET</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>147</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367605"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.INIT patchFile$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367606"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.INIT "/patches/vs1053b-patches-flac.cmd"</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367607"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.WRITE register, value</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367608"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.READ register</span><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367609"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.MIDI_CMD cmd, data1, data2</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367610"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.NOTE_ON channel, note, velocity</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367611"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VS1053.NOTE_OFF channel, note, velocity</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367612">LCD DISPLAY USING I2C<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>148</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367613">OLED DISPLAY<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>153</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367614">ST7920 LCD DISPLAY<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>155</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367615">RTC module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>157</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367616">PCA9685 (PWM / Servo) Module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>159</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367617">TM1637 display module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>160</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367618">TM1638 display module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>162</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367619">MAX7219 8-Digits 7-segment display<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>164</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367620">MAX7219 Dot Matrix Display<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>165</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367621">NeoPixel WS2812B led strips<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>167</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367622"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.SETUP pin, [nb_led]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367623"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.STRIP led_start_pos, led_end_pos, R, G, B [, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367624"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.STRIP led_start_pos, led_end_pos, COLOR [, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367625"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.PIXEL led_pos, R, G, B [, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367626"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.PIXEL led_pos, COLOR [, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367627"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.RGB(R, G, B)</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367628"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.GETPIXEL(led_pos)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367629"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.ROTATELEFT num_steps, [led_end_pos, led_end_pos, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367630"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.ROTATERIGHT num_steps, [led_end_pos, led_end_pos, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367631"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.SHIFTLEFT num_steps, [led_end_pos, led_end_pos, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>169</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367632"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.SHIFTRIGHT num_steps, [led_end_pos, led_end_pos, disable]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367633"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.REFRESH</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367634"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.DIM(COLOR , Gain)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367635"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.LIGHTEN(COLOR , Gain)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367636"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.DARKEN(COLOR , Gain)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367637"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.LINEARBLEND(COLOR1, COLOR2, progress)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367638"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEO.BILINEARBLEND(</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367639"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>Upper_Left_COLOR, Upper_Right_COLOR, Lower_Left_COLOR, Lower_Right_COLOR, x, y)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>170</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367640">NeoPixel based WS2812b Dot Matrix DIsplay<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>171</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367641"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SETUP nb_devices, nb_lines, pin [,layout] [,width, height, orientation]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367642"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.DELETE</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367643"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.FILL color, [x, y, width, height]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367644"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.TEXT.POS x, y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367645"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.TEXT.FONT font</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367646"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SHOW x, y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367647"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.TEXT.BRIGHTNESS brightness</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367648"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.BRIGHTNESS brightness</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>175</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367649"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.PRINT text$, color$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>176</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367650"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SPRITESHEET image$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>176</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367651"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SPRITE x, y, width, height, x_in_bmp, y_in_bmp</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367652">Copy a portion of the <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SPRITESHEET</span></b> image into the canvas using the parameters given<span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367653"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.LIMITS [x1,] [x2], [y1], [y2]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367654"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SYNC</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367655"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.MODE mode</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367656"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SCROLL</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367657"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.SCROLL</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367658">Scroll the image using the current <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>MODE</span></b> and within the current <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LIMITS</span></b>.c<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367659"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.OSCILLATE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367660"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.OSCILLATE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367661">Oscillate the image using the current <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>MODE</span></b> and within the current <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LIMITS</span></b>.c<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367662"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.X</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367663"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>NEOSCROLL.Y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>177</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367664">HUB75 Matrix Displays - DMAMATRIX<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>181</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367665"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.INIT R1, G1, B1, R2, G2, B2, A, B, C, D, E, LAT, OE, CLK [,freq_DMA] [,resolution]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>182</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367666"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SETUP nb_devices, nb_lines [,layout] [,width, height, orientation]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>182</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367667"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.DELETE</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>182</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367668"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.FILL color, [x, y, width, height]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>182</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367669"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.TEXT.POS x, y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>182</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367670"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.TEXT.FONT font</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>183</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367671"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.TEXT.COLOR color</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>183</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367672"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SHOW [x, y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>183</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367673"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.TEXT.BRIGHTNESS brightness</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>183</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367674"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.BRIGHTNESS brightness</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>183</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367675"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.PRINT text$ [, color$ | color]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>184</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367676"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SPRITESHEET image$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>184</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367677"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SPRITE x, y, width, height, x_in_bmp, y_in_bmp</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367678">Copy a portion of the <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SPRITESHEET</span></b> image into the canvas using the parameters given<span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367679"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.LIMITS [x1,] [x2], [y1], [y2]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367680"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SYNC</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367681"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.MODE mode</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367682"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SCROLL</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367683"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.SCROLL</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367684">Scroll the image using the current <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>MODE</span></b> and within the current <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LIMITS</span></b>.c<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367685"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.OSCILLATE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367686"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.OSCILLATE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367687">Oscillate the image using the current <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>MODE</span></b> and within the current <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LIMITS</span></b>.c<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367688"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.PIXEL x, y, color</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367689"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.LINE x1, y1, x2, y1, color</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367690"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.CIRCLE x, y, radius, color [,fill]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367691"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.RECT x, y, w, h, color [,fill]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367692"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.X</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>185</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367693"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.Y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367694"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.POSX</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367695"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.POSY</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367696"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.PLAYGIF gif$ [,x , y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367697"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.LOADGIF gif$ [,x , y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367698"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>DMAMATRIX.FRAMEGIF [do_not_show [,loop]]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367699">SD CARD ADAPTER<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>186</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367700">TFT DISPLAY ILI9341<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>188</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367701">TFT DISPLAY ILI9163<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>192</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367702">TFT DISPLAY ILI9486<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>193</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367703">TFT DISPLAY ILI9481<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>196</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367704">TFT DISPLAY ILI9488<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>197</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367705">TFT DISPLAY ST7735<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>198</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367706">TFT DISPLAY ST7796<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>199</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367707">TFT DISPLAY ST7789<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>202</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367708">OLED DISPLAY SSD1351 RGB<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>203</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367709">TFT DISPLAY GC9A01<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>204</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367710">TouchScreen - Resistive<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>204</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367711">TouchScreen - Capacitive<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>205</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367712">TFT FONTS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>206</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367713">QR CODES<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>210</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367714">GRAPHIC GUI for TFT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>210</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367715">GUI Objects<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>211</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367716"><b>gui.TextLine</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>211</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367717"><b>gui.Button</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>211</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367718"><b>gui.Image</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>212</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367719"><b>gui.ButtonImage</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>212</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367720"><b>gui.CheckBox</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>213</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367721"><b>gui.Slider</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>214</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367722"><b>gui.ProgressBar</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>214</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367723"><b>gui.Ramp</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>214</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367724"><b>gui.Gauge</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>215</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367725"><b>gui.Box</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>215</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367726"><b>gui.Circle</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>216</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367727"><b>gui.Rect</b> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>216</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367728"><b>gui.Line</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367729">GUI Functions<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367730"><b>gui.GetValue</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367731"><b>gui.Target</b> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367732">GUI Commands<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367733"><b>gui.INIT</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>217</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367734"><b>gui.REDRAW</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>...</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367735"><b>gui.REFRESH</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367736"><b>gui.AUTOREFRESH</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367737"><b>gui.SETVALUE</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367738"><b>gui.SETTEXT</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367739"><b>gui.SETIMAGE</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367740"><b>gui.SETCOLOR</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>218</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367741"><b>gui.SETRANGE</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>219</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367742"><b>gui.SETEVENT</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>219</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367743"><b>gui.SETSTYLE</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>220</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367744">LCD RGB DISPLAY INTERFACE (module ESP32-8048S070C) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>221</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367745"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.PINOUT R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, HSYNC, VSYNC, DE, pCLK</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>221</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367746">VGA DISPLAY INTERFACE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>221</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367747"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.PINOUT R0, R1, R2, G0, G1, G2, B0, B1, HSYNC, VSYNC</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367748"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.PINOUT R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, HSYNC, VSYNC, DE, pCLK</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367749"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SETUP hFront,hSync, hBack, hRes, vFront, vSync, vBack, vRes, frequency [,vClones=1] [,nb_pages=1] [,outSize=1] [,aligned]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367750"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.INIT mode [,nb_pages=1]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367751"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.DELETE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367752"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.STOP</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367753"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.START</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367754"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SHOW</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>224</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367755"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SHOWPAGE page</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367756"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.WRITEPAGE page</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367757"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SAVE file$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367758"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.FILL color</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367759"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.COPY src, dest [x, y, w, h [dest_x, dest_y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367760"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.PIXEL x, y, color</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367761"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.LINE x1, y1, x2, y2, color [,thickness=1]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367762"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.CIRCLE x, y, radius, color [,fill]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367763"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.RECT x, y, w, h, color [,fill]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367764"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TRIANGLE x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, color [,fill=1]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367765"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.NEEDLE x, y, length, angle, color [,thickness=1]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367766"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.NEXT x, y, length, angle, color [,thickness=1]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367767"><b><s><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.POS x, y</span></s></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>225</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367768"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.FONT font</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367769"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.COLOR color [,background]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367770"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.SIZE size</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367771"><b><s><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.PRINT var [var$]</span></s></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367772"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.ALIGN</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>align</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367773"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.PADDING</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>width</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367774"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.TEXT.DRAW "text", x, y [,font]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367775"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.IMAGE file$ [, x, y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>226</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367776"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SPRITESHEET image$</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367777"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SPRITE x, y, width, height, x_in_bmp, y_in_bmp</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367778"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.SETSPRITE id, width, height, x_in_bmp, y_in_bmp [, nextframe_delta_x, nextframe_delta_y]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367779"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.DRAWSPRITE id, x, y, [frame=0]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367780"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.REMOVESPRITE id, src, dest</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367781"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGA.HIDESPRITE id, visibility</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367782">VGA GUI (experimental) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>227</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367783"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SETSPRITE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>x_in_bmp, y_in_bmp, width, height, nextframe_delta_x, nextframe_delta_y</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>229</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367784"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SPRITE(x, y, width, height, frame_on, frame_off, [,toggle=0] [,group])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>229</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367785"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.ARC(x, y, width, height, value [,thickness=10])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>230</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367786"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.TEXTAREA(x, y, width, height, "text", [,font] [,alignment] [,color_text] [,color_back] [,color_frame] [,margin] )</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display: none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>231</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367787"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.IGNORE obj</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>231</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367788"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.GETTEXT obj, var$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>232</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367789"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SETVALUE obj, value</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>232</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367790"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SETTEXT obj, text$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>232</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367791"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SETCOLOR object, col1 [,col2 [,col3 [,col4]]]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>232</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367792"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>VGAGUI.SETSTYLE object, prop1 [,prop2 [,prop3 [,prop4]]]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>233</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367793">USB HID INTERFACE (Mouse, Keyboard, Gamepad) - ESP32-S3 only<span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>234</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367794">How use the USB devices<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>235</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367795">INFRARED INTERFACE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>237</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367796">ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR HC-SR04<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>241</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367797">DHT xx Temperature / Humidity Sensors<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>242</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367798">DS18B20 Temperature Sensors<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>243</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367799"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>TEMPR$(pin_number, [ID], [resolution])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>244</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367800">BNO055 Absolute Orientation Sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>245</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367801">BME280 Combined humidity and pressure sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>247</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367802">BME680 Combined gas, pressure, temperature & humidity sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>249</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367803"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.TEMP</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367804"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.PRESS</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367805"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.HUM</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367806"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.GASRES</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367807"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.STATUS</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367808"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.AVAIL</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367809"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETSLEEPMODE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367810"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETFORCEDMODE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367811"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETOVERSAMPLING(ovs_temp, ovs_press, ovs_hum)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>251</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367812"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETIIRFILTER(filter)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>252</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367813"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETGASON(temperature, time)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>252</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367814"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BME680.SETGASOFF</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>252</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367815">HDC1080 High Accuracy Digital Humidity Sensor with Temperature Sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>253</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367816">CCS811 Air Quality Sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>254</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367817">APDS9960 Digital Proximity, Ambient Light, RGB and Gesture Sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>257</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367818">RFID MFRC522 RFID cards reader <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>260</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367819">Writing NUID for <span style= 'background:white'>UID changeable card (4 byte UID version)</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>264</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367820">VL53L0X TOF (Time Of Flight) Distance Sensor <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>264</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367821">HX711 - Weight Measurement Module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>266</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367822">SI5351 Clock Generator Module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>268</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367823"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.INIT [capacitor [,crystal]]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367824"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.CALIB correction</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367825"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.SETFREQ out_nb, frequency</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367826"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.SETFREQ_MAN out_nb, frequency, pll</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367827"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.STRENGTH out_nb, strength</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367828"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.PHASE out_nb, phase</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367829"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.RESET_PLL pll_nb</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367830"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.ENABLE out_nb, enable</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367831"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.INVERT out_nb, invert</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>270</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367832"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>SI5351.LOAD filename$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>271</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367833">STEP MOTOR<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>271</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367834"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.SETUP stepper_id, pin_step, pin_dir</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367835"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.SETPARAM stepper_id, speed, acceleration</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367836"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.SETPOSITION stepper_id, position</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367837"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.MOVE stepper_id, position</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367838"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.MOVETO stepper_id, position</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367839"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.STOP stepper_id</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367840"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.FORCESTOP stepper_id</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367841"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.RUNFWD stepper_id</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367842"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.RUNBKD stepper_id</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>273</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367843"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.GETPOSITION(stepper_id)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>274</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367844"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>STEPPER.GETTARGET(stepper_id)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>274</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367845">MPU9250<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>274</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367846">MPU6500 / MPU6050<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>276</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367847">MPU6886 (For M5 Atom) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>278</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367848">IMU FUSION FUNCTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>280</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367849">ETHERNET Module W5500<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>282</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367850">FTP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>286</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367851"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.FTP$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>286</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367852">Server data requests (GET, POST and PUT) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>287</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367853">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WGET$(server$, port, [,header] [,content_type$])</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367854">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WGET$(url$ [,header] [,content_type$])</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367855">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WPOST$(server$, body$, port [,header] [,content_type$] )</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367856">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WPOST$(url$, body$ [,header] [,content_type$])</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367857">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WPUT$(server$, body$, port [,header] [,content_type$] )</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367858">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WPUT$(url$, body$ [,header] [,content_type$])</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367859">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WGETASYNC[(] server$, port, [,header] [)]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367860">-<span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'> </span> <span style='font-family:Consolas'>WGETASYNC[(] url$,[,header] [)]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>288</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367861">MQTT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>290</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367862"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Setup(server$ [,debug])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367863"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Certif(cert_pem$ [,client_cert_pem$] [,client_key_pem$])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367864"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.PSK(psk_hint_key$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367865"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.LWT(topic$, message$ [,Qos] [,retain])</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367866"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Connect(login$, pass$ [,id$])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367867"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Connect("", "" [,id$])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367868"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Disconnect[()]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367869"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Publish(topic$, message$ [,Qos] [,retain])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367870"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Subscribe(topic$ [,Qos])</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367871"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.UnSubscribe(topic$)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367872"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Connected[()]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>292</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367873"><b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>Ret = MQTT.Status[()]</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>293</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367874">ESP-NOW<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>...</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>295</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367875"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Begin</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367876"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Stop</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367877"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Add_Peer(MAC_add$ [,interface] [,channel])</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367878"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Del_Peer</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367879"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Write(msg$)</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367880"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.Write(msg$, MAC_add$)</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>296</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367881"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>EspNow.READ$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>297</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367882"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ESPNow.REMOTE$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>297</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367883"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>ESPNow.ERROR$</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>297</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367884"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OnEspNowMsg label</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>297</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367885"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OnEspNowError label</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>297</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367886">BLUETOOTH Low Energy (BLE) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>306</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367887">Overview<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>306</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367888">Operating Modes<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>306</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367889">UUIDs and Characteristics<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>307</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367890">Communication Details<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>307</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367891">BLE Commands / Functions<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>307</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367892">Event Handling<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>308</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367893">TELEGRAM (messenger) support <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>311</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367894">LORA<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>314</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367895"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Setup ss, reset, dio0</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367896"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Begin(freq)</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367897"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.End</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367898"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.BeginPacket</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367899"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Print</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367900"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.EndPacket</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367901"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Receive</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367902"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.RSSI</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367903"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.SNR</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367904"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Idle</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367905"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Sleep</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367906"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.TXpower pow</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>316</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367907"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.SyncWord word</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>317</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367908"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.EnableCRC enable</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>317</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367909"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OnLora</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>317</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367910"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>LoRa.Message$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>317</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367911">Modbus<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>319</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367912"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>MODBUS.CONNECT IP$, [port] [,timeout] [,idleTimeout]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>319</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367913"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>MODBUS.DISCONNECT</span><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>320</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367914"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>MODBUS.REQUEST</span> <span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>token</span>, <span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>serverID, functionCode [,p1] [,p2] [,p3]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>320</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367915">Modbus RTU Support <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>323</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367916"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>MODBUS.SetupRTU RX_pin, TX_pin, RE_DE_pin, ["BBBB,P,D,S"]</span><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>323</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367917"><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>MODBUS.requestRTU</span> ….. (see the details in the chapter above) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>323</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367918">MODBUS RTU wiring<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>325</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367919">Regular Expressions (RegEx) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>326</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367920">Patterns<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>327</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367921">Magic characters<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>327</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367922">Repetition<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>328</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367923">Anchor to start and/or end of string<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>329</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367924">Captures<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>329</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367925">Frontier patterns<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>330</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367926">Multiple matches<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>330</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367927">M5 Tough<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>331</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367928"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.BatLevel</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367929"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.BatVoltage</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367930"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.BatCurrent</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367931"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.VinVoltage</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367932"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.VinCurrent</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367933"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.VBusVoltage</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367934"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.VBusCurrent</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367935"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.BatChgCurrent</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367936"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.BatPower</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367937"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.AxpTemp</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367938"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.ApsVoltage</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367939"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.AxpState</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367940"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.TftPower power</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367941"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.SpeakerPower power</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>333</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367942"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.SetBusPowerMode mode</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>334</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367943"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.PowerOff sec</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>334</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367944"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.LightSleep sec</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>334</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367945"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>M5Tough.DeepSleep sec</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>334</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367946">ANNEXCAM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>334</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367947">Functionalities enabled in the ANNEXCAM version<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>337</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367948">Camera Functions / commands<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>338</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367949">Using AnnexCam in output page<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>341</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367950">Control of the camera using URL<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>342</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367951">Face Recognition<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>343</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367952">Image / video reception from Annex<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>344</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367953">ANNEXEPAPER for LILYGO T5 4.7” E-paper module<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>346</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367954"><img border="0" width="551" height="610" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image001.gif" alt= "image" /><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.........................................................................................................................................</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>347</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367955">GRAPHIC GUI for E-PAPER<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>349</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367956">Functionalities enabled in the E-PAPER version<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>356</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367957">PEEK and POKE FUNCTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367958"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.PEEK(addr)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367959"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.PEEK16(addr)</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367960"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.PEEK8(addr)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367961"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.POKE addr, data</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367962"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.POKE16 addr, data</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367963"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.POKE8 addr, data</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>358</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367964">CONVERSION FUNCTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>359</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367965"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.DEGC_TO_F(degC)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367966"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.F_TO_DEGC(degF)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367967"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.TO_IEEE754(num)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367968"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.FROM_IEEE754(iee754_bin)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367969"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.MAP(number, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367970"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.TO_BCD(number)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367971"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.FROM_BCD(number)</span></b><span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367972"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>CONVERT.LIMITS(number, min, max)</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367973">BAS CONSTANTS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>360</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367974"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.VER</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367975"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.VER$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367976"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRLINE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367977"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRNUM</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367978"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.ERRMSG$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367979"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.FILENAME$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367980"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.RTCMEM$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367981"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.SSID$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367982"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.PASSWORD$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367983"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.LOAD</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>361</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367984"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.RESETREASON</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>362</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367985"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.WAKEUPREASON</span></b><span style= 'color: windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>363</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367986"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.DEVICE</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>364</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367987"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.TFT</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>365</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367988">OPTION COMMANDS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>365</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367989"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.BASE 0 | 1</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367990"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.CPUFREQ 80|160|240</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367991"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.ES8388</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367992"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.MAC mac$</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367993"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.LOWRAM value</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367994"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.NTPSYNC</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367995"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.WDT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>time</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367996"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.WDTRESET</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367997"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.WLOG</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>value</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>366</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367998"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.TOUCH</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>value</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176367999"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.I2S BCLK_pin, WSEL_pin, DOUT_pin</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368000"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>OPTION.PSRAM limit</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368001">HALL Sensor (Internal): <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368002"><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>BAS.HALL</span></b><span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368003">FUNCTIONS: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368004">NUMERICAL FUNCTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>367</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368005">ABS(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368006">ACOS(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368007">ADC(pin) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368008">APDS9960.SETUP (mode) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368009">APDS9960.READGESTURE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368010">APDS9960.AMBIENT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368011">APDS9960.RED<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368012">APDS9960.GREEN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>368</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368013">APDS9960.BLUE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368014">APDS9960.PROXIMITY<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368015">APDS9960.GESTUREGAIN (gain) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368016">APDS9960.GESTURELED (intensity) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368017">ASC(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368018">ASIN(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368019">ATAN(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368020">ATAN2(x, y) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368021">BAS.VER<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>369</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368022">BAS.ERRLINE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368023">BAS.ERRNUM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368024">BME280.SETUP(address) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368025">BME280.ALT(qnh) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368026">BME280.HUM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368027">BME280.QFE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368028">BME280.QNH(altitude) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368029">BME280.TEMP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368030">BNO055.SETUP( address) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368031">BNO055.HEADING<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368032">BNO055.PITCH<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368033">BNO055.ROLL<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>370</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368034">BNO055.VECTOR ( param, axis) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>371</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368035">BNO055.CALIB [(param)] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>371</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368036">CINT(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368037">CONVERT.DEGC_TO_F(degC) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368038">CONVERT.F_TO_DEGC(degF) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368039">CONVERT.TO_IEEE754(num) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368040">CONVERT.FROM_IEEE754(ieee754_bin) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368041">CONVERT.MAP(number, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368042">CONVERT.TO_BCD(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368043">CONVERT.FROM_BCD(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368044">COS(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368045">COUNTER.COUNT (cnt) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368046">COUNTER.PERIOD (cnt) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368047">DATEUNIX(date$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>372</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368048">DHT.TEMP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368049">DHT.HUM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368050">DHT.HEATINDEX<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368051">DISTANCE(pin_trig, pin_echo) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368052">EMAIL from$, to$, subject$, message$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368053">ESPNOW.ADD_PEER(MAC_add$ [,interface] [,channel]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368054">ESPNOW.BEGIN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368055">ESPNOW.DEL_PEER(MAC_add$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368056">ESPNOW.STOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368057">ESPNOW.WRITE( msg$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368058">ESPNOW.WRITE( msg$,MAC_add$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368059">EXP(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>373</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368060">FIX(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368061">FILE.DELETE(filename$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368062">FILE.EXISTS(filename$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368063">FILE.SIZE(filename$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368064">FLASHFREE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368065">FUSION.ANGLE(axis) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368066">INSTR([start], string$, pattern$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368067">I2C.LEN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368068">I2C.READ<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>374</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368069">I2C.READREGBYTE (i2c_address, register) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368070">I2C.END<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368071">INT(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368072">LEN(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368073">LOG(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368074">MILLIS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368075">MQTT.Setup(server$ [,debug]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>375</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368076">MQTT.Certif(cert_pem$ [,client_cert_pem$] [,client_key_pem$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368077">MQTT.PSK(psk_hint_key$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368078">MQTT.LWT(topic$, message$ [,Qos, [,retain]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368079">MQTT.Connect(login$, pass$ [,id$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368080">MQTT.Connect("", "" [,id$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368081">MQTT.Disconnect[()] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368082">MQTT.Publish(topic$, message$ [,Qos] [,retain]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368083">MQTT.Subscribe(topic$ [,Qos]) <span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368084">MQTT.UnSubscribe(topic$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368085">MQTT.Connected[()] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368086">MQTT.Status[()] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>376</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368087">NEO.GETPIXEL(pos) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368088">NEO.RGB(R, G, B) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368089">PI <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368090">PID1.COMPUTE( current_value, target_value) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368091">PIN(pin_number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368092">PIN.TOUCH(pin_number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368093">PING(host$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368094">POW(x, y) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368095">RAMFREE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>377</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368096">RFID.SETUP(CS_pin, RST_pin) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368097">RFID.SETGAIN(gain) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368098">RFID.SETKEY(key$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368099">RFID.RESET<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368100">RFID.AWAKE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368101">RFID.SETNUID(NUID$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>378</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368102">RFID.WRITE(block, data$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368103">RND(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368104">SERIAL.LEN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368105">SERIAL2.LEN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368106">SGN(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368107">SIN(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368108">SPI.BYTE(byte) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368109">SQR(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368110">TAN(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368111">TFT.RGB(r,g,b) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368112">TIMEUNIX(time$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>379</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368113">TM1638.BUTTONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368114">TOUCH.X<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368115">TOUCH.Y<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368116">VAL(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368117">WIFI.CHANNEL<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368118">WIFI.MODE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368119">WIFI.NETWORKS ( network$ ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>380</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368120">WIFI.RSSI <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>381</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368121">WIFI.STATUS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>381</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368122">WORD.COUNT( string$ [,delimiter$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>381</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368123">WORD.FIND( string$, find$ [,delimiter$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>381</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc4"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368124">STRING FUNCTIONS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>382</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368125">BAS.ERRMSG$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368126">BAS.FILENAME$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368127">BAS.FTP$( host$, login$, password$, file$, folder$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368128">BAS.PASSWORD$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368129">BAS.RTCMEM$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368130">BAS.SSID$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368131">BAS.VER$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368132">BIN$(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368133">BUTTON$(name$, label [, id] ) <span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368134">CHECKBOX$( variable [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>383</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368135">CHR$(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368136">CSSID$(object_id, object_style) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368137">DATE$[(format)] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368138">ESPNOW.ERROR$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368139">ESPNOW.READ$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368140">ESPNOW.REMOTE$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368141">FILE.DIR$[(path$)] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368142">FILE.READ$(filename$,[line_num] | [start, length]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368143">HEX$(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368144">HtmlEventButton$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>384</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368145">HtmlEventVar$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368146">IMAGE$(path [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368147">IMAGEBUTTON$(path, label [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368148">IP$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368149">IR.GET$[ (param) ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368150">JSON$(string$, field$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368151">LCASE$(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>385</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368152">LED$(variable [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368153">LEFT$(string$, num) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368154">LISTBOX$(variable$, "option1, option2, option3, ..." [, height] [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368155">MAC$[ (id) ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368156">METER$(variable, min, max [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368157">MID$(string$, start [,num]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>386</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368158">MQTT.Message$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368159">MQTT.Topic$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368160">OCT$(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368161">PASSWORD$(variable [, id] ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368162">REPLACE$(expression$, find$, replacewith$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368163">RFID.NUID$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>387</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368164">RFID.TYPE$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>388</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368165">RFID.READ$(block [,key_b]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>388</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368166">RIGHT$(string$, num) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>388</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368167">RTC.DATE$[(format)] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>388</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368168">RTC.TIME$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368169">SERIAL.CHR$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368170">SERIAL.INPUT$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368171">SERIAL2.CHR$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368172">SERIAL2.INPUT$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368173">SLIDER$(variable, min, max [,step] [,id]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368174">SPACE$(number) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368175">SPI.STRING$(data$, len) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368176">SPI.HEX$(datahex$, len) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>389</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368177">STR$ (number [,format$ [,toint]]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>390</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368178">STRING$(num, char$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>392</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368179">TEMPR$(pin_number [,ID]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>392</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368180">TEXTAREA$(variable [, id] ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368181">TEXTBOX$(variable [, id] ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368182">TRIM$(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368183">TIME$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368184">UCASE$(string$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368185">UDP.READ$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368186">UDP.REMOTE$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368187">UNIXDATE$(value [,format]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368188">UNIXTIME$(value) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>393</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368189">URLMSGGET$ ([arg$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368190">WGET$( http_server$, port [,header] ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368191">WGET$( url$, [,header] ) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368192">WGETRESULT$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368193">WORD$(string$, position [,delimiter$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368194">WORD.DELETE$(string$, position [delimiter$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>394</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368195">WORD.EXTRACT$(string$, lead$, trail$) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>395</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368196">WORD.GETPARAM$( setting$, parameter$ [,separator$]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>395</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368197">WPOST$(server$, body$, port [,header]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>395</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368198">WPOST$(url$, body$, [,header]) <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>395</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368199">COMMANDS: <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>395</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368200">AUTOREFRESH interval <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368201">BAS.LOAD filename$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368202">BAS.RTCMEM$ = val$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368203">CLS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368204">CSS <b>style_code$</b><span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368205">COMMAND cmd$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368206">COUNTER.RESET cnt <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368207">COUNTER.SETUP cnt, pin [,mode] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>396</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368208">CSSEXTERNAL file$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>397</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368209">DATA const1 [,const2] ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>397</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368210">DHT.SETUP pin, model <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368211">EMAIL.SETUP server$, port, user_name$, password$ [, debug] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368212">EMAILASYNC from$, to$, subject$, message$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368213">FILE.FROMBASE64 source$, dest$<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368214">FILE.SAVE filename$, content$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368215">FILE.TOBASE64 source$, dest$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368216">FUSION.INIT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>398</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368217">FUSION.MADGWICK ax, ay, az, gx, gy, gz<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>399</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368218">FUSION.MADGWICK ax, ay, az, gx, gy, gz, mx, my, mz<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>399</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368219">FUSION.MAHONY ax, ay, az, gx, gy, gz, mx, my, mz<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368220">FUSION.BETA =<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368221">FUSION.ZETA =<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368222">FUSION.KI =<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368223">FUSION.KP =<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368224">HTML code$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368225">I2C.SETUP sda_pin, scl_pin [,freq ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368226">I2C.BEGIN address<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>400</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368227">I2C.END<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>401</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368228">I2C.REQFROM address, length<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>401</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368229">I2C.READREGARRAY i2c_address, register, nb_of_bytes, Array() <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>401</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368230">I2C.WRITE value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>401</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368231">I2C.WRITEREGBYTE i2c_address,register, value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>402</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368232">I2C.WRITEREGARRAY i2c_address, register, nb_of_bytes, Array() <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>402</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368233">INCR var [, increment] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>402</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368234">INPUT.TIMEOUT timeout <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>402</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368235">INPUT["prompt$";] variable<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>402</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368236">INTERRUPT pin_no, {OFF | label} [, mode] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368237">IR.INIT pin_rx | OFF [, pin_tx] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368238">IR.SEND type, code$, bits<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368239">JSCALL javaCode$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368240">JSCRIPT script$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368241">JSEXTERNAL file$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>403</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368242">LCD.INIT address, cols, rows<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368243">LCD.CLS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368244">LCD.PRINT x, y, text$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368245">LOCAL var1 [,var2], ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368246">MAXDISPLAY.SETUP CS_pin<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368247">MAXDISPLAY.PRINT msg$ [,‘brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368248">MAXSCROLL.SETUP nb_devices, CS_pin<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368249">MAXSCROLL.PRINT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>404</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368250">MAXSCROLL.NEXT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368251">MAXSCROLL.TEXT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368252">MAXSCROLL.SHOW pos [, brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368253">MAXSCROLL.SCROLL [brightness] <span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368254">MAXSCROLL.OSCILLATE [brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368255">NEO.PIXEL led_pos, R, G, B [, disable] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368256">NEO.PIXEL led_pos, COLOR [, disable] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368257">NEO.SETUP pin [,nb_led] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368258">NEO.STRIP led_start_pos, led_end_pos, R, G, B [, disable] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>405</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368259">NEO.STRIP led_start_pos, led_end_pos, COLOR [, disable] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368260">NEOSCROLL.SETUP nb_devices, pin [,serpentine] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368261">NEOSCROLL.PRINT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368262">NEOSCROLL.NEXT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368263">NEOSCROLL.COLORS col$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368264">NEOSCROLL. NEXTCOLORS col$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368265">NEOSCROLL.SHOW pos [, brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368266">NEOSCROLL.TEXT msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368267">NEOSCROLL.SCROLL [‘brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368268">NEOSCROLL.OSCILLATE [‘brightness] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>406</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368269">OLED.CLS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368270">OLED.INIT orientation<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368271">OLED.REFRESH fmt <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368272">OLED.COLOR color <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368273">OLED.PIXEL x, y<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368274">OLED.LINE x1, y1, x2, y2<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368275">OLED.RECT x,y, width, height [,fill] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368276">OLED.CIRCLE x, y, radius [, fill] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>407</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368277">OLED.FONT font_num<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368278">OLED.PRINT x, y, text$ [background] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368279">OLED.IMAGE x, y, image$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368280">OLED.BMP x, y, image$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368281">ONERROR ABORT or ONERROR IGNORE or ONERROR SKIP [nn] or ONERROR CLEAR or ONERROR GOTO label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368282">ONESPNOWERROR [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368283">ONESPNOWMSG [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368284">ONGESTURE [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>408</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368285">ONHTMLCHANGE [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368286">ONHTMLRELOAD [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368287">ONINFRARED label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368288">ONMQTT label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368289">ONRFID label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368290">ONSERIAL [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368291">ONSERIAL2 [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368292">ONTOUCH [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368293">ONUDP [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368294">ONURLMESSAGE [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368295">ONWGETASYNC [label | OFF] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368296">OPTION.CPUFREQ 80|160|240<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>409</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368297">OPTION.LOWRAM value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368298">PAUSE delay<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368299">PCA9685.SETUP addr <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368300">PCA9685.SETFREQ freq<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368301">PCA9685.PWM pin, value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368302">PID1.INIT Kp, Ki, Kd<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368303">PID1.LIMITS min, max<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368304">PID1.PERIOD msec<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368305">PID1.PARAMS Kp, Ki, Kd<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368306">PID1.SETMODE mode<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368307">PIN(pin_number) = val <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>410</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368308">PIN.DAC pin_number, value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration: none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>411</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368309">PIN.MODE pin_number, mode [,PULLUP | PULLDOWN ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>411</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368310">PLAY.MP3 mp3$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>411</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368311">PLAY.STREAM stream$ [,buffer] <span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>411</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368312">PLAY.SETUP dest [,buffer] [,mono] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>411</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368313">PLAY.SPEAK message$ [, phonetic] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368314">PLAY.STOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368315">PLAY.VOICE "message", "language" [, "filename"] [, action] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368316">PLAY.VOLUME volume<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368317">PLAY.WAV<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368318">PRINT expression[[,; ]expression] ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368319">PRINT2 expression [[,; ]expression] ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>412</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368320">PWM.SETUP pin, chan, default, [,freq] [,resol] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368321">PWM.SETUP pin, OFF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368322">PWM.OUT chan, value<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368323">READ var1 [,var2] ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368324">REBOOT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368325">REFRESH<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368326">RESTORE [label] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368327">RTC.SETTIME Year, Month, Day, Hours, Minutes, Seconds<span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368328">SERIAL.BYTE ch1 [,ch2] . . . <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>413</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368329">SERIAL2.BYTE ch1 [,ch2] . . . <span style='color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368330">SERIAL.MODE baudrate [, bits, parity, stop] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368331">SERIAL2.MODE baudrate, pin_tx, pin rx [, bits, parity, stop] [, TXbuffer, RXbuffer] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368332">SETTIME Year, Month, Day, Hours, Minutes, Seconds<span style= 'color:windowtext; display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368333">SLEEP value [,pin, level] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368334">SOCKET client, msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368335">SPI.CSPIN pin [, polarity] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>414</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368336">SPI.SETUP speed [,data_mode [, bit_order]] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368337">SPI.STOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368338">ST7920.INIT CS_pin<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368339">ST7920.CLS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368340">ST7920.REFRESH fmt <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368341">ST7920.COLOR color <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368342">ST7920.PIXEL x, y<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368343">ST7920.LINE x1, y1, x2, y2<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368344">ST7920.RECT x,y, width, height [,fill] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368345">ST7920.CIRCLE x, y, radius [, fill] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>415</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368346">ST7920.FONT font_num<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368347">ST7920.PRINT x, y, text$ [background] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368348">ST7920.IMAGE x, y, image$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368349">ST7920.BMP x, y, image$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368350">TM1637.PRINT msg$ [, brightness ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368351">TM1637.SETUP data_pin, clock_pin [, bit_delay] [, display_type] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368352">TM1638.PRINT msg$ [, brightness ]] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368353">TM1638.SETUP data_pin, clock_pin, strobe_pin<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none; text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368354">TM1638.LEDS val <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>416</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368355">TFT.BMP filename$, [x, y [, back_color] ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>417</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368356">TFT.BRIGHTNESS val <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>417</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368357">TFT.CIRCLE x, y, radius,color [, fill] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>417</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368358">TFT.FILL color <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>417</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368359">TFT.IMAGE filename$, [x, y [, back_color] ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>417</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368360">TFT.INIT orientation<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>418</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368361">TFT.JPG filename$, [x, y [, scale] ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>418</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368362">TFT.LINE x1, y1, x2, y2, col <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>418</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368363">TFT.PIXEL x, y, col <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>418</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368364">TFT.PRINT expression [[,; ]expression] ... <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368365">TFT.RECT x, y, width, height, color [ [,fill] ,[round_radius] ] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368366">TFT.SETFREQ freq<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368367">TFT.TEXT.COLOR color [,backcolor] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368368">TFT.TEXT.POS x, y<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368369">TFT.TEXT.SIZE size<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368370">TIMER0 interval, label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368371">TIMER1 interval, label <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>419</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368372">TOUCH.CALIB<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368373">UDP.BEGIN port <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368374">UDP.REPLY msg$ [,port] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368375">UDP.STOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368376">UDP.WRITE ip, port, msg$<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368377">URLMSGRETURN msg$ [,content_type$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368378">WAIT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368379">WGETASYNC server$, port [,header] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>420</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368380">WGETASYNC url$, port [,header] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368381">WIFI.APMODE SSID$, password$ [, channel] [, IP$ , MASK$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368382">WIFI.AWAKE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368383">WIFI.CONNECT SSID$, password$ [, BSSID$] [, IP$ , MASK$ [, GATEWAY$]] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368384">WIFI.POWER pow<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368385">WIFI.SCAN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368386">WIFI.SLEEP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>421</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368387">WLOG [text$ | num] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>422</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368388">WORD.DELPARAM setting$, parameter$, [,separator$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>422</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368389">WORD.SETPARAM setting$, parameter$, value$ [,separator$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>423</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368390">BASIC KEYWORDS<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>423</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368391">CASE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368392">DIM array(size) [, …] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368393">DO<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368394">ELSE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368395">ELSEIF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368396">END [IF | SELECT | SUB] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368397">ENDIF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368398">EXIT {DO | FOR | SUB} <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368399">FOR<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368400">GOSUB [label | lab$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368401">GOTO [label | lab$] <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368402">IF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368403">LET var = expression<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368404">LOOP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368405">NEXT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>424</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368406">OFF<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368407">OUTPUT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368408">PULLUP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368409">PULLDOWN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368410">REM<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368411">RETURN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368412">SELECT<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368413">SPECIAL<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368414">STEP<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368415">SUB<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368416">THEN<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368417">TO<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368418">UNTIL<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>.</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368419">WEND<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc5"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href= "start.htm#_Toc176368420">WHILE<span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>..</span> <span style= 'color:windowtext;display:none;text-decoration:none'>425</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <span style='color:black'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367446">Introduction:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 WI-Fi RDS (Rapid Development Suite) is a version of the "BASIC" language developed to run on low cost ESP-32 WIFI devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 is specifically for the ESP32 range of devices, whose implemented features can vary greatly.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">To offer some standardisation, Annex32 caters in particular to M5stack devices, which include a micro-SD card slot, TFT display, speaker, 3 user buttons plus a reset button, and a lipo battery, all self-contained in a plastic case offering expansion pin access and designed to accept ‘stackable’ expansion modules.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">All drivers needed for the M5stack features are already included in the Annex32 firmware, and pre-configured for the M5stack so that features such as TFT display and SDcard work by default.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Similar functionality could be built using alternative TFT display and SD card reader etc, if preferred.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Please refer to the original <a href= "https://github.com/m5stack/M5-Schematic/blob/master/README_en.md"><span style='color:#1155CC'> M5Stack schematics</span></a> for more details.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">However, M5stack and its hardware features merely offer a convenient standardised feature set, they are not mandatory - Annex32 works with any ESP32 devices, with or without hardware expansion modules.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Obviously appropriate hardware is needed for any required features - eg: an OLED display could be used, but scripts written for TFT displays will need modifying for the different display.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 can use the internal flash disk space, or an external SD card.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The internal and the external (SDcard) space are mutually exclusive and cannot be accessed at the same time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">By default Annex32 will use the SD, if available, otherwise it will use the internal flash disk space (FATFS).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Both use the same type file system (FAT32), enabling the use of long file names and directories.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Depending on the module flash memory size (4, 8 or 16MB), the internal disk space can be from ~1MB to 13MB.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using the ESP32 partition scheme it is possible to freely define this space, but modifying it will wipe out all existing files already stored.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 Wi-Fi RDS takes from the original concept of Annex WI-FI RDS for ESP8266 from which it shares essentially the IDE interface and the same command syntax as much as possible.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It should be straightforward switching to Annex32 if coming from Annex, and the same programs should run without (or with minimum) modifications (eg: pin numbers).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 Wi-Fi RDS benefits from the powerful H/W architecture of the ESP32 using both cores and the RAM memory available. In addition, for modules equipped with PSRAM memory extension, Annex32 can make available to the users this additional RAM space (up to 4MBytes).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Functionalities:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Includes an internal IDE so can be programmed directly using your web browser (even from your phone/tablet) without any additional utility.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Syntax highlighting with context-sensitive Help</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> A programmable web server which includes a file server</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Supports OTA (over the air) update.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support async events (interrupts, timers, web access, UDP, ….)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Breakpoints, immediate execution of commands, display of variables, single step.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> A basic interpreter with floating point variables (double precision) and string variables, multi-dimensional arrays (float and string), user defined subroutines.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Access to any available I/O pin for input/output, PWM and Servo.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Errors Handling .</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support TCP (HTTP) GET and POST for communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for UDP for communications.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#666666'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> Support for sending Emails using SMTP SSL servers</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#666666'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> Support for AJAX communications (GET, POST, PUT) Synchronous and Asynchronous</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#666666'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> Support for ESP-NOW communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for MQTT communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for MODBUS communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for FTP communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for Telegram communications</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for RJ45 wired ethernet using W5500 module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Accompanying utility suite includes Flasher, File Manager, HTML Converter, Backup/Restore to bin or zip, integrated Serial Port Monitor, OTA (over the air) update server and UDP Console.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> IMU / AHRS Fusion algorithms 6 DOF and 9 DOF (Madgwick and Mahony)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Play MP3 or WAV sound files or streaming using a speaker or an external I2S DAC</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Text to Speech using a speaker or an external I2S DAC</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for regular expressions (regex)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>The following devices are supported directly with dedicated commands / functions :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> DHT11, DHT21 or DHT22 Temperature / Humidity Sensors</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> DS18B20 Temperature sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> LCD HD44780 with I2C interface module (1, 2 or 4 lines with 16 or 20 chars per line)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> LCD Display based on chipset ST7920 with 128x64 pixels monochrome</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> OLED Display based on chipset SSD1306 or SH1106 with 128x64 pixels monochrome</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> TFT Display at 16 bits colors based on the following chipset:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI9341 with 320x240 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI9163 with several resolutions</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ST7735 with several resolutions</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ST7796 with 480x320 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI9481 with 480x320 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI9486 with 480x320 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI9488 with 480x320 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ILI7789 with several resolutions</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> SSD1351 with 128x128 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> GC9A01 with 240x240 pixels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> TM1637 4 and 6 digits 7-segments display</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> TM1638 8 digits 7-segments display including 8 leds and 8 buttons</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> MAX7219 8 digits 7-segments display</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> MAX7219 8x8 dot matrix display modules</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Neopixel WS2812 led strips</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Neopixel WS2812 8x8 dot matrix display</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> PCA9685 PWM/SERVO module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Infrared interface with many RC protocols (transmission and reception)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> RTC module (DS1307 or DS3231)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> BNO055 Absolute Orientation Sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> MPU9250 / MPU6500 IMU units</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> MPU6886 IMU unit</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> BME280 Combined humidity and pressure sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> BME680 Combined gas, pressure, temperature & humidity sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> HDC1080 High Accuracy Digital Humidity Sensor with Temperature Sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> CCS811 Air Quality Sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> APDS9960 Digital Proximity, Ambient Light, RGB and Gesture Sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> W5500 RJ45 wired Ethernet interface</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> VL53L0X TOF (Time Of Flight) Distance Sensor</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> RFID MFRC522 cards reader</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> HX711 - Weight Measurement Module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> SI5351 Clock Generator Module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Any compatible I2S DAC</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Lora SX127x modules</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> STEP Motors</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> VGA output for ESP32–S3</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height: normal'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> RGB TFT output for ESP32-S3</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt;line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>Many ESP32 modules / units are supported and can be configured using the “CONFIG” menu:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Almost all the ESP32 modules including ESP32 devkit, ESP32 wemos mini, ESP32 lolin lite, ...</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5Stack</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5 Atom</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5 Atom matrix</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5 Atom Echo</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ESP32-CAM</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5CAMERA</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ODROID GO</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> M5Tough</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> WIFI LORA 32</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ESP32-2432S028 (module with a 240x320 2.8” TFT with resistive touchscreen)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ESP32-3248S035R (module with 320x480 3.5” TFT with resistive touchscreen)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'> ESP32-3248S035C (module with 320x480 3.5” TFT with capacitive touchscreen)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>In addition to the ESP32, Annex now extends its support to other family members, including the ESP32-C3, ESP32-S2, and ESP32-S3. This support encompasses both direct USB connection and variants with USB to serial chip. For all of these modules, Annex offers compatibility across different versions, considering the specific type of flash memory installed, including DIO, QIO, and OPI, as well as the presence of PSRAM, with* options for QIO and OPI configurations. As a result of this diverse range of variants, Annex provides distinct firmware releases tailored to each particular configuration. This ensures optimal performance and seamless integration across the ESP32 series.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>The following modules equipped with ESP32-S3 are also supported and can be configured using the “CONFIG” menu:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ESP32-4848S040 (module with a 480x480 4” RGB TFT with capacitive touchscreen)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> ESP32-8048S070C (module with a 800x480 7” RGB TFT with capacitive touchscreen)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'> </p> <div style= 'border:none #D9D9E3 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;background:#F7F7F8'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:15.0pt;background:#F7F7F8;border:none; padding:0cm'> </p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367447">Interpreter:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The basic interpreter works by reading a script file saved to the esp local disk filing system.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is the default mode if no external SDcard(s) are connected to the ESP32.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In addition, Annex32 can use an external SDcard as file system permitting up to 16Gbytes of disk space.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">During the startup, if an external SDcard is detected it will be automatically connected and used as the default file system, in which case the internal filing system will not be used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Because the ESP32 contains a good quantity of RAM, the user script is copied from the disk into a dedicated area in the RAM memory where it is executed, together with the list of the program lines, the branch labels and the list of the user defined subroutines..</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This uses more RAM compared to other approaches, but allows faster program execution.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Another performance consideration is that the ESP32 must be capable of executing several activities in the background (web server, file server, etc..) so needs sufficient free memory for running such tasks, and those parallel tasks will obviously have an impact on script performance..</p> <p class="MsoNormal">So performance-wise, the interpreter is not particularly fast, but it should be fast enough for most tasks you may require. In particular it is around 2 times faster than Annex for ESP8266, considering that many tasks can run in parallel without any appreciable performance impact (such as playing music in the background).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Basic program lines :</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A typical script line should comply with the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>[label:] command [argument1 [,argument2 …..]]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Script lines may contain several commands on the same line if separated by the colon character "<b>:</b>".</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>[label:] command1 [argument1 [,argument2 …..]]: command2 [argument1 [,argument2 …..]]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:red'> It must be noted that use of several commands on the same line is not recommended and will cause program errors if the line contains GOSUB or user defined subroutine calls.</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">All program jumps (eg: GOTO, GOSUB) are referenced by their branch label names - line numbers are not referenced in scripts, they are merely available in the editor as a programming convenience if wished, and for error references.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>NOTE : The gosub and the call to user defined subroutines must be used alone on the script line.</b></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367448">Branch labels</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Branch labels should not be named the same as a command name, and must follow the same format as variables (see below).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">A branch label definition must begin the line, and a colon ("<b>:</b>") must terminate the label definition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Any references to the defined label (GOTOs and GOSUBs etc) do not use a colon.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="a" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse: collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>b <span style='color:red'>=</span> 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20 : c <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 30</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> GOSUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>LABEL1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>LABEL1: <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Label1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> RETURN</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367449">Variables:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The interpreter has 2 types of variables:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> Floating Point (double precision)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> String</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Floating point variables can store numbers with decimal points; they can also store integer numbers with a precision equivalent to 32bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Strings contain sequences of characters (example "my program") and must be terminated by "$".</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The strings are not limited in size, they are only limited by the amount of memory available.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>NOTE: The string variables cannot contain the character with ASCII code 0 (zero) because it is used internally as an end of string delimiter.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The variables are defined as any name starting with an alpha character (a, b, ..z) followed by any alphanumeric character (a..z, 0..9); it can also include the "_" (underscore).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The case is don’t care, so ‘’Num" is equivalent to "nuM".</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The variable name length is limited to 31 characters maximum, including the "$" for the strings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">There are no limits in terms of number of variables; the only limit is the RAM memory available.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="a0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>NUM <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 10.56</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>myString$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"this is My String"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>this_is_my_value$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"ESP8266"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>number <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 8826621</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Numeric variables and string variables are managed separately so the same name can be used; this means that <b>A</b> and <b>A$</b> are different variables that can coexist at the same time (even if this could lead to confusion).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Constants:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The numeric constants can have the following format :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>A = 5 : Z = 1.5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>B = 1.23456E5 -> same as 123456</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>C = 1.23456E+5 -> same as 123456</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>D = 1.23456E-3 -> same as 0.00123456</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The string constants are simply defined as a text between quotes:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>A$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"This is my string"</span> : B$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"another string"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The strings can include the character " (quote) simply typing it two times :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>A$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"this is ""MY"" string"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#FFAA00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The <b>|</b> (vertical bar) can also be used as a string literal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This permit to include the " (quote) easily inside a string constant :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>A$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|this is a "string" constant|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The hexadecimal constants can be defined simply prefixing it with <b>&h</b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>E <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>hABCD -> equivalent of decimal 43981 (hexadecimal constant)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>F <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>hA0 -> equivalent of decimal 160</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The binary constants can be defined simply prefixing it with <b>&b</b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>E <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>b00000101 -> equivalent of decimal 5 (binary constant)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>F <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>b10000001 -> equivalent of decimal 129</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The octal constants can be defined simply prefixing it with <b>&o</b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>E <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>o377 -> equivalent of decimal 255 (octal constant)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>F <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>o17 -> equivalent of decimal 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367450"><span style= 'color:#434343'>Arrays</span>:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Arrays are defined using the <b>DIM</b> command.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Their names follow the same rules as the regular variables and are followed by parenthesis (brackets) containing the index. The subscript starts from 0, but you can adjust the lower limit using</p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367451"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'>OPTION.BASE</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b>.</h5> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The scope of the Arrays is always global (see next paragraph).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM A(100)</span></b> define a floating point array with 101 elements (index from 0 to 100)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM ABC$(50</span></b>) define a string array with 51 elements (index from 0 to 50)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>A(15) = 1234.5678</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>ABC$(49) = "Hi friend!"</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The arrays can have up to 5 subscripts (dimensions), examples:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM A(50,50)</span></b> -> create a floating point array with 51*51 elements (2601)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM J$(4, 4, 4)</span></b> -> create a string array with 5 * 5 * 5 elements (125)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.BASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b> is executed the subscripts start from 1 and an error will be raised when trying to use the index 0.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This line <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.BASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b> must be present in the code before array declaration.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this case</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM A(100)</span></b> define a floating point array with 100 elements (index from 1 to 100)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>DIM ABC$(50</span></b>) define a string array with 50 elements (index from 1 to 50)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Notice that declaring a multi-dimensional array with multiple subscripts uses elements for every <a>possible</a><a class="msocomanchor" id="_anchor_1" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_1')" href="start.htm#_msocom_1" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_1">[1]</a> <a class= "msocomanchor" id="_anchor_2" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_2','_com_2')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_2')" href="start.htm#_msocom_2" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_2">[2]</a> <a class= "msocomanchor" id="_anchor_3" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_3','_com_3')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_3')" href="start.htm#_msocom_3" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_3">[3]</a> combination of subscripts, whereas in practice it may be preferable to declare multiple arrays with the same subscript, eg:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>users=4</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>DIM Name$(users)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>DIM Address$(users)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>DIM Tel$(users)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Which only uses 5 + 5 + 5 elements (15)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>NOTE:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>The numerical Arrays are always initialised at 0 with the command DIM.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>The string Arrays are always initialised as null string with the command DIM.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>There are no limits to the number of arrays or their size, the only restriction is the RAM memory available.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The arrays can be re-dimensioned using the same command DIM.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this case all the existing elements will maintain the previous value except the new elements that will be initialised at 0 or null string.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i> </i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Example :</i></b></p> <table class="a1" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' all the elements are initialised at 0</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 123</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 123</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print the same value 123</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 0</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i> </i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In addition the elements of the arrays can be initialised with a given value during the command <b>DIM</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Example :</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set A(0)= 0, A(1)= 1, A(2)=2, ….</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.BASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b> is executed before</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set A(1)= 0, A(2)= 1, A(3)=2, ….</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The same can be done with string arrays.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Example :</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> A$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"zero"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"one"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"two"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"three"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"four"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"five"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> Two additional functions can be used to determine the bound limits of arrays:</p> <h5 style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367452"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'>LBOUND</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>(array() [, dimension])</span></b> : Returns the lower bound of the specified array dimension.</h5> <h5 style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367453"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'>UBOUND</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>(array() [, dimension])</span></b> : Returns the upper bound of the specified array dimension.</h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Example :</i></b></p> <table class="a2" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.BASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>100<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> LBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>())</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 0 (option.base 0)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> UBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>())</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 100</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.BASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> DIM</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10, 20<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> LBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 1 (option.base 1)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> LBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 1 (option.base 1)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> UBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 10</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> UBOUND</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' print 20</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i> </i></b></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367454">Scope of the variables:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Variables and arrays defined in the main code are global, therefore any variable is accessible from any part of the code after it has been previously defined there.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Variables and arrays defined inside “user defined” subroutine (SUB) are visible only inside that sub and inside all the code called by that subroutine; their content (and their memory space) is removed at the end of the SUB</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The LOCAL command permits defining local variables inside of "user defined" subroutines; this permits to use the same name of an “already existing” variable locally without modifying the original.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">As for all the variables defined inside SUB, they will disappear at the end of the subroutine.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <table class="a3" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>B <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>C <span style='color:red'>=</span> 30</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>mysub <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Hello"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A,B, C</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>mysub<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>a$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>LOCAL</span> A,B</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 123</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> B <span style='color:red'>=</span> 456</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> C <span style='color:red'>=</span> 789</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> D <span style='color:red'>=</span> 8888</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> A$, D</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this example, calling the user-defined subroutine "mysub" will not modify the content of the global variables A and B (defined locally) but will modify the content of the variable C (not defined locally) and the variable D will disappear at the end of the SUB.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367455">Bases of the language</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The keywords recognized by the interpreter can be defined into 3 classes:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Operators</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Commands</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Functions</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Operators are symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Commands and Functions both execute an action, but functions also return a data value.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> PRINT</span></b>is a command and <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> SIN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>()</span></b> is a function whereas the ‘+’ in <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> b <span style='color:red'>+</span> 5</span></b> is an operator.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The string functions are always followed by the "<b>$</b>" symbol if they return a string value.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In addition to commands and functions there are all the internal interpreter internal commands that are part of the language itself.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367456">OPERATORS AND PRECEDENCE</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The following operators are available. These are listed in the following tables by order of precedence. Operators on the same line are processed with a left to right precedence.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arithmetic operators:</p> <table class="a4" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "705" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style= 'width:117.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>^</span></b></p> </td> <td width="549" valign="top" style= 'width:411.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Power</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style= 'width:117.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>* / \ MOD</span></b></p> </td> <td width="549" valign="top" style= 'width:411.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Multiplication, division, integer division and modulo (remainder of the division)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="156" valign="top" style= 'width:117.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>+ -</span></b></p> </td> <td width="549" valign="top" style= 'width:411.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Addition and subtraction</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Shift operators:</p> <table class="a5" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "706" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="155" valign="top" style= 'width:116.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>x << y </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>x >> y</span></b></p> </td> <td width="551" valign="top" style= 'width:413.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>These operate in a special way. << means that the value returned will be the value of x shifted by y bits to the left while >> means the same only right shifted. They are integer functions and any bits shifted off are discarded and any bits introduced are set to zero.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>For more information about the kinds of bitwise shifts, see <a href= "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_shift"><span style= 'color:#00709F'>Bitwise shifts</span></a><span style= 'color:#2A2A2A'>.</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Logical operators:</p> <table class="a6" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "706" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="154" valign="top" style= 'width:115.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'><> < > <=</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'> >= =</span></b></p> </td> <td width="552" valign="top" style= 'width:414.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Not Equal, less than, greater than, less than or equal to,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>greater than or equal to, equal</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="154" valign="top" style= 'width:115.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>AND OR NOT XOR</span></b></p> </td> <td width="552" valign="top" style= 'width:414.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Conjunction, disjunction, negation, Exclusive OR</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">String operators:</p> <table class="a7" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "705" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="152" valign="top" style= 'width:114.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'><> < > <=</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'> >= =</span></b></p> </td> <td width="553" valign="top" style= 'width:414.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Not Equal, less than, greater than, less than or equal to,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>greater than or equal to, equal</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="152" valign="top" style= 'width:114.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>+ &</span></b></p> </td> <td width="553" valign="top" style= 'width:414.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Add strings together</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bitwise operators:</p> <table class="a8" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "705" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="154" valign="top" style= 'width:115.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#EFEFEF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>AND OR XOR NOT</span></b></p> </td> <td width="551" valign="top" style= 'width:413.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Binary AND, binary OR, binary exclusive OR, binary negation</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>For more information about the bitwise operators, see <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bitwise_operators"> <span style='color:#1155CC'>Bitwise Operators</span></a></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The operators AND, OR and XOR are integer bitwise operators. For example PRINT (3 AND 6) will output 2.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Expressions beginning with open parenthesis ‘(‘ are always considered numerical but the parser is able to determine if an expression is true or false even if the expression represents a string.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Each expression representing a comparison, returns a numerical value of 1 if the expression is true or 0 if false.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>10 = 10</span></b> represents a value of 1 whereas <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>10 = 5</span></b> represents a value of 0.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The same logic is applied for string expressions where <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"abc" = "abc"</span></b> represents a value of 1 and <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>"abc" = "def"</span></b> represents a value of 0.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is very useful in the IF command and also in other expressions.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example the following code :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="a9" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>A$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"on"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>If</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>A$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"on"</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>then</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>pin</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Else</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>pin</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>End</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>if</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Can be replaced by</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'>pin</span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"on"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The strings can also be compared to determine the alphabetical order.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">To see whether a string is greater than another, Annex uses the so-called “ASCII” order.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In other words, strings are compared letter-by-letter.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">(<b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"Z" > "A")</span></b> is true</p> <p class="MsoNormal">(<b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"Glow" > "Glee")</span></b> is true</p> <p class="MsoNormal">(<b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"Bee" > "Be")</span></b> is true</p> <p class="MsoNormal">(<b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"Bas" > "Bat")</span></b> is false</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The algorithm to compare two strings is simple:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Compare the first character of both strings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the first character from the first string is greater (or less) than the other string, then the first string is greater (or less) than the second. We’re done.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Otherwise, if both strings’ first characters are the same, compare the second characters the same way.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Repeat until the end of either string.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If both strings end at the same length, then they are equal. Otherwise, the longer string is greater.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In the examples above, the comparison <b><span style='font-family:Consolas'>"Z" > "A"</span></b> gets to a result at the first step while the strings<b><span style= 'font-family: Consolas'>"Glow"</span></b> and <b><span style= 'font-family:Consolas'>"Glee"</span></b> are compared character-by-character:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> G is the same as G.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> l is the same as l.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> o is greater than e. Stop here. The first string is greater.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The comparison algorithm given above is roughly equivalent to the one used in dictionaries or phone books, but it’s not exactly the same.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For instance, case matters. A capital letter "A" is not equal to the lowercase "a". Which one is greater?</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The lowercase "a". Why? Because the lowercase character has a greater index in the ASCII table.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367457">Basic internal keywords:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367458">IF command :</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The IF can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>1)<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> IF expression THEN statement</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>2)<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> IF expression THEN statement1 ELSE statement 2</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>3)<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> IF expression THEN</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:71.0pt'>Statements</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> ELSE</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:71.0pt'>Statements</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> END IF</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'>4)<span style= 'font-size:7.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span> IF expression THEN</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> Statements</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> ELSEIF expression THEN</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> Statements</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> ELSEIF ……..</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:18.0pt'> ………</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> ELSE</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:71.0pt'>Statements</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> END IF</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <table class="aa" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>a <span style='color:red'>></span> 100 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"a"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>b <span style='color:red'><</span>a <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"b"</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"a"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>c <span style='color:red'>></span> d <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"C"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is greater"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> ELSE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"D"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is greater"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> IF</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' (can also be ENDIF without space between END and IF)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>d <span style='color:red'>=</span> a <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"d"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is like a"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> ELSEIF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>d <span style='color:red'>=</span> b</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"d"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is like b"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> ELSEIF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>d <span style='color:red'>=</span> c</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"d"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is like c"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> ELSE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"d"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"is unknown"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> IF</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' (can also be ENDIF without space between END and IF)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal">When the conditional is all on one line it does not need terminating with an END IF</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:red'>=</span>2</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"ok"</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"not ok"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:red'>AND</span></b> , <b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:red'>OR</span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b> keywords can be used between the expressions <b>as long as they are in parenthesis</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>a<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>AND</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>b<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"ok"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Or</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>((</span>a<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>AND</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>b<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>AND</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>c <span style='color:red'>=</span> 3<span style='color:#2266FF'>))</span> <span style= 'color:red'>OR</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>d<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"ok"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The IF can be nested</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="ab" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>2 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>IF</span> b <span style='color:red'>=</span> 2 <span style='color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>IF</span> c <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 3 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"ok"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>END</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>IF</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>END</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>IF</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> IF</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>The “THEN” keyword can eventually be removed, even if this is not recommended.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style= 'color:red'>></span> 100 <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"a"</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>else</span> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"b"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367459">FOR loop</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> loop can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>variable<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>init_value <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> end_value <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span><span style='color:#8866FF'>step</span> value<span style='color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>variable</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The ‘step’ value can be positive or negative</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Will print 1, 2, 3, 4, 5</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 3 <span style='color:#8866FF'>step</span> 0.5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Will print 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>3 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>step</span> <span style= 'color:red'>-</span>0.5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Will print 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> can be used to exit from the loop at any time:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 50</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>10 <span style='color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"end of loop"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#FFAA00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Optionally,</b> the variable in the <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b> statement can be omitted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This means that this program is valid :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i<span style= 'color:red'>=</span>1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>NEXT</span></b></p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367460">WHILE WEND loop</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>WHILE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>WEND</span></span></b> loop can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>WHILE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>WEND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The loop is iterated as long as the expression is true</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>WHILE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style= 'color:red'><</span> 3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>Print</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> i <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> i <span style='color:red'>+</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>WEND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Will print 0, 1, 2</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367461">DO LOOP loop</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style='color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></span></b> can have one of the following 4 syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>WHILE</span> expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>UNTIL</span> expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>WHILE</span> expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>UNTIL</span> expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>DO</span></span></b> can be used to exit from the loop at any time</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> i <span style='color:red'>+</span> 0.5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>UNTIL</span> i <span style= 'color:red'>></span>3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Will print 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>DO</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> i <span style='color:red'>+</span> 0.5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>i <span style= 'color:red'>></span> 2 <span style='color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>DO</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>UNTIL</span> i <span style= 'color:red'>></span>3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Will print 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367462">SELECT CASE</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></b>can have the following syntax:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> expression</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> exp1 <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span>: Statements<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> exp2 TO exp3 <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span>: Statements<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> exp4 <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span>,exp5<span style='color:#2266FF'>]</span>, ... <span style='color:#2266FF'>[</span>: Statements<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> Statements</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> 4</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case 1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>2 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 2"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>3 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 3"</span> : <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"can continue on same line"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>4 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 4"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"can continue also on next line"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span>:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case else"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Multiple cases:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> 4</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>1 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>2, 3, 5 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 2 or 3 or 5"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>4 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 4"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>6 TO 8 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 6 to 8"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>9 TO 20 : <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"case 9 to 20"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span>:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case else"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The SELECT CASE can also handle string content:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>CASE</span> a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"a"</span> :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case a"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"a", "b"</span></span></b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#FFAA00'>, <b>"c"</b>, <b>"d"</b></span> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case a, b, c, or d"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"e"</span> TO <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"h"</span> :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case e to h"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> CASE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>ELSE</span>:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"case else"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>SELECT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367463">GOTO</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>GOTO</span></b>can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>GOTO</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span>LABEL | LAB$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>></span> 5 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>GOTO</span> LABEL1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>....</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>LABEL1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"This is label1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>....</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The goto must be considered as an obsolete command and is provided just for backward compatibility with old style Basic programs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367464">GOSUB</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#8866FF'>GOSUB</span></b>can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>GOSUB</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>[</span>LABEL | LAB$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>]</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The called function must terminate with the command <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>RETURN</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a <span style='color:red'>></span> 5 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>GOSUB</span> LABEL1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>END</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>....</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>LABEL1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"This is label1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#8866FF'>RETURN</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367465">DATA</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The command DATA is used to store constant information in the program code, and is associated with the command <a href="https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/READ"><span style= 'color:windowtext; text-decoration:none'>READ</span></a>. Each DATA-line can contain one or more constants separated by commas. Expressions containing variables will be also evaluated here.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The goal of the DATA is to avoid repetitive variable assignation lines, in particular for arrays.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;background:white'> The DATA values will be read from left to right, beginning with the first line containing a DATA statement. Each time a READ instruction is executed the saved DATA position of the last READ is advanced to the next value. Strings must be written in quotes like string constants. The command <a href= "https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/RESTORE_(BASIC)"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue; text-decoration:none'> RESTORE</span></b></a> resets the pointer of the current DATA position, so the next READ will read from the first DATA found from the beginning of the program.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:4.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;background:white'> In case READ uses the wrong variable type the error message "<b>Type mismatch</b>" appears while referring to the line number containing the READ statement that triggered the condition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">DATA lines may be scattered throughout the whole program code, but for the sake of clarity they would be better kept together at the beginning of the program.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:9.5pt; line-height:115%;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The DATA can have the following syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>DATA const1 [,const2] …..</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The constants can be Numerical or String.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> DATA</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 55.88, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"constant"</span>, 99</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> READ</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A, B, C$, D</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A, B, C$, D</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example without DATA:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Red"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Green"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Blue"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Yellow"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Magenta"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Same example but using DATA:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> DATA</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "Red"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Green"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Blue"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Yellow"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Magenta"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>colors$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> For</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>i<span style='color:red'>=</span>1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>Read</span> colors$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>i<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RESTORE</span></b> can optionally define a label to set the DATA pointer to a specific point</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> data</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>block2:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> data</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>block3:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> data</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>block4:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> data</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> restore</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>block3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>read</span> a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> a,</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> restore</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>block2</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> " "</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 5</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>read</span> a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> a,</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "----------"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'text-align:justify;line-height:112%;background:white'> <b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></b></p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367466">END</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Define the end of the program. With this command the program stops.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It can also be :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END IF</span></b> -> close the IF command</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END SELECT</span></b> -> closes the SELECT CASE command</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END SUB</span></b> -> closes the user defined SUB</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367467">EXIT</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Permit to exit from a loop or a user defined SUB.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The syntax is :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>EXIT DO</span></b> -> exit from a DO loop</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>FOR</span></b> -> exit from a FOR loop</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>SUB</span></b> -> exit from a user defined SUB.</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367468">SUB</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Define a user-defined subroutine, which the script can use like a command or function.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>User-defined subroutines are effectively additional commands, so cannot be used as branch labels.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Permit to create a user defined command with optional parameters.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The syntax is SUB subname[(arg1 [,arg2] …)]</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The variables are passed by reference; this means that the arguments, if modified inside the subroutine, will modify the original variable. This can be useful to return values from the subroutine (acting like a function).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It is possible to pass arrays using the syntax <b>array_name()</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Using the <b>LOCAL</b> command will permit to define local variables (useful to avoid to modify existing global variables).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 1 : routine cube</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="ac" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>SUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>cube<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>x<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>PRINT</span> X <span style= 'color:red'>^</span>3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>cube 3 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' will print 27</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 2: routine cube with returning argument</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="ad" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>SUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>cube<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>x,y<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> y <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> x <span style= 'color:red'>^</span>3 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' the value is returned using the 2nd argument</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>END</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>SUB</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>cube 5, ret</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:#99CC00'>' will print 125</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 3: routine with local variables and returning argument</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="ae" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>left_trim<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>s$, ret$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>LOCAL</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>DO</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>UNTIL</span> i <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:fuchsia'>len</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>s$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> IF</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> mid$</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>s$, i, 1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'><></span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" "</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>THEN</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>EXIT</span> <span style='color:#8866FF'>DO</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> i <span style='color:red'>=</span> i <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>LOOP</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> ret$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>mid$</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>s$, i<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>""</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> FOR</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> left_trim <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" remove space from left "</span>, z$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>PRINT</span> z$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"--"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> NEXT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Will print</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>remove space from left --</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>remove space from left --</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>remove space from left --</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As you can see in this example, the variable i in the FOR loop is not modified by the LOCAL variable i in the subroutine.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 4: pass arrays</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width= "718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pass_array<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>f<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span>, c$<span style='color:#2266FF'>())</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>myArray<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>myArray<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 456<span style= 'color:#2266FF'> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>Print</span> f<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, c$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span>, myArray<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> f<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 123</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> c$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"myText"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> SUB</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>alpha<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>beta$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>alpha<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 456</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>beta$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"testme"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Pass_array alpha<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span>, beta$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>alpha<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, beta$<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>In this example, the array <b>alfa()</b> is passed locally to the array <b>f()</b> and the array <b>beta$()</b> is passed locally to the array <b>c$()</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Modifying locally these arrays change the value of the original one as their content is passed by reference.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The array “<b>myArray</b>” will disappear at the end of the SUB</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367469">Logical / boolean Operations</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As the numerical variables are stored internally as double precision floating numbers, it is possible to store numbers with a precision equivalent to 32 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Several boolean operators are available to manipulate these numbers..</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The first operator is the bit shift; it can be shift left <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:red'> <<</span></b> or shift right <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>>></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This operator permits to shift the number of a specified number of positions to left or right.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'><<</span> 3 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' will print 8</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 16</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>>></span> 2 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' will print 4</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The operators <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>AND</span></b> , <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:red'> OR</span></b> , <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:red'> XOR</span></b> are also available :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 24</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>AND</span> B <span style='color:#99CC00'>' will print 8</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 24</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>OR</span> B <span style='color:#99CC00'>' will print 31</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 24</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>XOR</span> B <span style='color:#99CC00'>' will print 23</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The unary operator <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>NOT</span></b> is also available. It inverts all the bits from 0 to 1:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> Hex$</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:red'>NOT</span> A<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' will print FFFFFFFF</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For a 32 bits number, assuming 4 bytes ABCD where A is the MSB and D the LSB, the bytes can be extracted as follows :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'color:#222222'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>VAR <span style='color:red'>= &</span>h12345678 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' this is a 32 bits variable</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'color:#222222'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>D = VAR <span style='color:red'>AND &</span>hFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>C = (VAR >> 8) <span style='color:red'>AND &</span>hFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>B = (VAR >> 16) <span style='color:red'>AND &</span>hFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A = (VAR >> 24) <span style='color:red'>AND &</span>hFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>For more information, see <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bitwise_operators"> <span style='color:#1155CC'>Bitwise</span></a> <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bitwise_operators"> <span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Operators</span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367470">ERRORS HANDLING</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex allows to control and manage errors that occur during the execution of the code.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is managed with the command ONERROR.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command defines what action is taken when an error occurs, and applies to all errors, including syntax errors.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It can be used in different ways, as specified in the table below:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="af0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>FUNCTIONS / COMMANDS</b></p> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367471"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>ABORT</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Displays the error message then aborts the program.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is the normal behaviour and is the default when a program starts running.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367472"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>IGNORE</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Any error will be simply ignored.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">As this can make it very difficult to debug a program it should be used wisely.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367473"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>SKIP [nn]</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Ignore an error in the next command(s) executed after the current command (the number of skipped commands depends on whether the number ‘nn’ is specified).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">'nn' is optional, the default is 1 if not specified.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">After the number of skipped commands has completed (with an error or not) the behaviour will revert to ONERROR ABORT.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367474"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>CLEAR</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Reset the eventual pending error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367475"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>GOTO [label | OFF]</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Jumps to the error handling routine defined by the label.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It can be removed (hence reverting to ONERROR ABORT) replacing the label with OFF.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using RETURN inside the error handling routine will continue the execution on the line following the error.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">When an error occurs, the following constants are available :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="af1" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="249" valign="top" style= 'width:186.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>CONSTANT</b></p> </td> <td width="469" valign="top" style= 'width:351.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="249" valign="top" style= 'width:186.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367476"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>BAS.ERRLINE</span></b></a></h5> </td> <td width="469" valign="top" style= 'width:351.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Returns the line number where the error happened. Value of 0 means no error.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>It is reset to 0 with the command ONERROR CLEAR or running the program or with the command ONERROR IGNORE or ONERROR SKIP.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="249" valign="top" style= 'width:186.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367477"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>BAS.ERRNUM</span></b></a></h5> </td> <td width="469" valign="top" style= 'width:351.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Returns a number where non zero means that there was an error.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>It is reset to 0 with the command ONERROR CLEAR or running the program or with the command ONERROR IGNORE or ONERROR SKIP.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="249" valign="top" style= 'width:186.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367478"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'>BAS.ERRMSG$</span></b></a></h5> </td> <td width="469" valign="top" style= 'width:351.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Return a string representing the error message that would have normally been displayed on the console. It is reset to “No Error” running the program or with the command ONERROR CLEAR or ONERROR IGNORE or ONERROR SKIP.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example of error handling using the command ONERROR GOTO :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af2" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>ONERROR</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>GOTO</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Error_Handler</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"start"</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>3<span style= 'color:red'>/</span>0<span style='color:blue'> </span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' this generates a divide by zero error</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>space$</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>60000<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' this generates an out of memory error</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>End</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Error_Handler:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"Error text "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>; <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>BAS.ErrMsg$</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"Error num "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>; <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>BAS.ErrNum</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"Error line "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>; <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>BAS.ErrLine</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' returns to the line following the error</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367479">HOW the interpreter works with the HTML code and Objects :</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>When a client connects to the module using its IP address, the module will redirect automatically to the url ‘/output?menu’, which sends an empty html page present on the module.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>That page contains a bunch of javascript code permitting to interface the page with the module using javascript.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="676" height="248" id="image136.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image002.gif" alt="image" name= "image136.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This page will automatically open a websocket connection with the module; the "squared led" indicates if the connection was successful (green) or not (red).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>A mechanism of ping - pong has been implemented into the javascript in order to hold the connection alive all the time. If the connection is lost, the page will try to reconnect automatically without any manual action.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The button "reconnect" permits to force the reconnection if the automatic reconnection fails.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As soon as the connection is done with the module, the html page is ready to send and receive messages to / from the module.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Initially the page is empty but its content can be easily filled.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To send HTML code to the page, the command HTML is used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The syntax is : HTML HTML code.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For example the line</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Hello, world <br>This is my first html content<br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Will give this result :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="679" height="249" id="image39.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image003.gif" alt="image" name= "image39.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Continuing with the HTML command, the content can be improved :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Textbox: <input type='text'><br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="679" height="249" id="image140.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image004.gif" alt="image" name= "image140.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Continuing again:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button: <button type='button'>Click Here</button>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><span style= 'font-size:10.5pt; line-height:115%;color:#8D9AA5;background:#ECF0F1'> <img border="0" width="677" height="248" id="image203.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image005.gif" alt="image" name= "image203.png" /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>All the html code can be combined and sent with just one HTML command; this is much faster:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af3" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Hello, world <br>This is my first html content<br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color: red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Textbox: <input type='text'><br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color: red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button: <button type='button'>Click Here</button>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To clear the content of the page, the command is:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="685" height="251" id="image185.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image006.gif" alt="image" name= "image185.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Now we can try another example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Now style me, please<br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button1: <button id='but1' type='button'>ON</button> "</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button2: <button id='but2' type='button'>OFF</button>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="677" height="248" id="image163.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image007.gif" alt="image" name= "image163.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Now we will try to style the buttons using css.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This can be done using command CSS CSSID$()</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For example the line</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>CSS</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>CSSID$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: red;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Will give this result :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="683" height="250" id="image89.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image008.gif" alt="image" name= "image89.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Combining with the style for the other button:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: red;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but2"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: green;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:blue'>CSS</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="677" height="248" id="image54.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image009.gif" alt="image" name= "image54.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>A set of functions is included to simplify the creation of HTML pages as we will see later, so no need to worry if you are not familiar with writing HTML code.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Now we will mention an important ‘event’ that can be used to automatically fill the content of the page each time a client connects to the module : <b><span style='color:blue'>OnHtmlReload</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This ‘event’ defines a place where the program will jump to as soon as a Websocket connection request is accepted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Let’s clarify with an example :</p> <table class="af4" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>OnHtmlReload</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page ‘will jump <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> Fill_Page when the page is reloaded</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>gosub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page <span style='color:#99CC00'>'load the page for the first time</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> ‘<span style='color:blue'>pause</span> waiting <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>for</span> the event</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page: ‘place where the page begins <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> be created</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Now style me, please<br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Button1: <button id='but1' type='button'>ON</button> "</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Button2: <button id='but2' type='button'>OFF</button>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: red;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but2"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: green;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>RETURN</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The result will be:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="680" height="249" id="image214.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image010.gif" alt="image" name= "image214.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Now try to play with the button "Reconnect"; you’ll see that, at each time the page reconnects to the module, the HTML content is built and sent again. This ensures that each time a client connects to the module it will receive the correct content. At the same time, if other clients are already connected, the content of all the pages will be refreshed simultaneously. This ensures a synchronized content between all the clients.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367480">HTML Objects</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As said previously, in order to simplify the creation of HTML pages there are several functions available which can generate the html code automatically.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Let’s start with the button.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>A button is an object that is used to trigger an action each time it is pressed on the web page.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The function is <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BUTTON$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Let’s explain with an example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af5" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> BUTTON$</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button1"</span>, jump1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "Clicked on Button1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The result will be:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="681" height="249" id="image8.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image011.gif" alt="image" name= "image8.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Try clicking on the button then checking the result in the terminal console; the message "Clicked on Button1" will be shown at each click.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="343" height="257" id="image63.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image012.gif" alt="image" name= "image63.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>To style the button, we need to modify the syntax of the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas; color:#FF5500'>BUTTON$</span></b> command slightly; in fact we need to add another parameter to give the button an ID:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af6" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>BUTTON$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button1"</span>, jump1, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' "but1" is the ID</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Clicked on Button1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CSS</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: red;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'the same ID is used here</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Clicking on the button now will change its color to red</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="680" height="249" id="image202.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image013.gif" alt="image" name= "image202.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Now we can now introduce the LED object. The LED object is a circle that can be filled in red or green depending on the content of a variable. The function is <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>LED$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>As usual, let’s start with an example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af7" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>led <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 1 ‘this is the variable associated with the LED. With 0 the led is red, with 1 the led is green</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> LED$</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>led<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The result will be:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="680" height="248" id="image83.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image014.gif" alt="image" name= "image83.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Let’s also add a button :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af8" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>led <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>BUTTON$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button1"</span>, jump1, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' "but1" is the ID</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>LED$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>led<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Clicked on Button1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>led <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 <span style='color:red'>-</span> led <span style='color:#99CC00'>' invert the variable</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>REFRESH</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' refresh (update) the variables between the code and the html</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The result will be:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="680" height="249" id="image16.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image015.gif" alt="image" name= "image16.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Clicking on the button will toggle the led between red and green colors.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>REFRESH</span></b> permits to update (synchronize) the variables in the code with the corresponding objects variables on the web page. It should be run each time a variable is modified.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>As a simpler alternative, the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>AUTOREFRESH</span></b> will regularly sync the variables.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The command must be run with the desired refresh timing.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>AutoRefresh 500 will refresh the variables each 500 milliseconds.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><s>The interval should not be less than 300 milliseconds (otherwise the module will be too busy).</s></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="af9" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>led <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>BUTTON$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Button1"</span>, jump1, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' "but1" is the ID</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FF5500'>LED$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>led<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>AutoRefresh</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>300 <span style='color:#99CC00'>'sync each 300 milliseconds</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "Clicked on Button1"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>led <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 1 <span style='color:red'>-</span> led <span style='color:#99CC00'>' invert the variable</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The result will be the same as the previous example.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Now it’s time to introduce another object; the TEXTBOX with the corresponding function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>TEXTBOX$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The TEXTBOX will display a ‘text box’ on the web page which is linked with a variable. When the variable is modified in the code, the TEXTBOX content will be updated on the web page, and vice-versa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>This lets us introduce another ‘event’, the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>OnHtmlChange</span></b> command.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This ‘event’ defines a branch for the program to jump to whenever a variable is modified inside the web page.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>As usual, let’s start with an example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afa" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>text$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Change me, please"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> TEXTBOX$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>text$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>OnHtmlChange</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Jump1 <span style='color: #99CC00'>'will jump to Jump1 when a variable changes on the web page</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>text$ <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print the content of the variable inside the terminal console</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#666666; background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="681" height="249" id="image215.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image016.gif" alt="image" name= "image215.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Try now to change the content of the textbox and press "Enter" on the keyboard.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>Let’s see the result in the terminal console:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="682" height="250" id="image120.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image017.gif" alt="image" name= "image120.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><img border="0" width="343" height="257" id="image75.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image018.gif" alt="image" name= "image75.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>With the concepts already learned you’ll be able to use the other objects using the similar logic.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Refer to the pages below to understand the syntax of each object.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367481">TIMERS</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">A timer is an "object" that permits the execution of a particular action at regular intervals.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">When the given time expires, the normal execution of the program is interrupted while control is passed to the "timer interrupt routine" until after the execution of the return command.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Then the program continues from the point where it was interrupted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Let’s explain with an example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="afb" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>timer0</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>1000, mytimer</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>mytimer:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>wlog</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"mytimer "</span> <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FF5500'>time$</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex WI-Fi Basic implements 2 timers, Timer0 and Timer1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The Timer0 has a higher priority against Timer1.</p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367482"></a><a>EVENTS</a><a class="msocomanchor" id= "_anchor_4" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_4','_com_4')" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_4')" href="start.htm#_msocom_4" language="JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_4">[4]</a> </h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Many of the actions are not executed directly by basic commands but can be executed as asynchronous events.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>An "event" is simply an action that can be executed when something happens.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For example, pin change interrupts are asynchronous events which can happen at any time without user control.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>In order to manage the events, a list of commands "ONxxxx" is provided. These commands define the place where the normal execution of the program will branch to when the event occurs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>So, when the "event" happens, the basic interpreter interrupts the normal execution of the code and "jumps" to the location defined by the corresponding command "ONxxx". As soon as the code associated with the "event" is terminated with the command "return", the basic interpreter continues from the previous interrupted location.</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367483">Button Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This is a special event that happens every time a<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>BUTTON$</span></b> object is clicked in the HTML pages.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>When this happens, a special variable <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:#FF5500'> HtmlEventButton$</span></b> is created containing the name of the button that was clicked.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This is useful to determine the button within a group of buttons.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Let’s see an example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afc" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>Button$</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"ON"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>buttonEvent<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" "</span> <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>Button$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"OFF"</span><span style='color:blue'>,</span> buttonEvent<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>buttonEvent<span style= 'color:blue'>:</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"You clicked on "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>;</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>HtmlEventButton$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367484">OnHtmlChange Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This event is triggered when an object present in the HTML output page changes its value.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is useful to make actions when something changes in the HTML Pages.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>When this event happens, a special variable <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> HtmlEventVar$</span></b> is created containing the name of the variable that changed its value.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This is useful to determine the object that generated the event.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Let’s see an example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afd" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>text$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Change me, please"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> TEXTBOX$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>text$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>OnHtmlChange</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Jump1 <span style='color: #99CC00'>'will jump to Jump1 when a variable changes on the web page</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Jump1:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>text$ <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print the content of the variable inside the terminal console</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Note that the special variable <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> HtmlEventVar$</span></b> is only created when the OnHtmlChange event populates it due to a html object change, therefore it will cause an error if tested for before an object is changed unless specifically defined beforehand, eg: HtmlEventVar$ = “” </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367485">OnHtmlReloadEvent</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This event is triggered when a Websocket connection request is accepted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This can be used to automatically fill the content of the WEB page each time a client connects to the module.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Let’s see an example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afe" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>OnHtmlReload</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page <span style='color:#99CC00'>'will jump to Fill_Page when the page is reloaded</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>gosub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page <span style='color:#99CC00'>'load the page for the first time</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'pause waiting for the event</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>Fill_Page: <span style='color:#99CC00'>'place where the page begins to be created</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CLS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Now style me, please<br>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Button1: <button id='but1' type='button'>ON</button> "</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"Button2: <button id='but2' type='button'>OFF</button>"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but1"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: red;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FF5500'>cssid$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style='color:#FFAA00'>"but2"</span>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"background-color: green;"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>HTML</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367486">OnInfrared Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a code is received by the infrared receiver.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Refer to chapter <a href="#_exnbwl5zooat"><span style='color:#1155CC'>INFRARED INTERFACE</span></a> for more details.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367487">OnSerial Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a message is received on the serial port.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "Ram Available "</span>; <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>ramfree</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>onserial</span> rec1<br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>wait</span><br /> <br /> rec1:<br /> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print serial.</span><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>input</span><span style= 'color:#99CC00'>$</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>serial.chr$</span>;<br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>return</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367488">OnSerial2 Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a message is received on the serial port #2.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> serial2.mode</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>9600, 2, 5 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set serial port #2 to 9600 pin 2 TX, pin 5 RX</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>print2</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Ram Available "</span>; <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>ramfree</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>onserial2</span> rec2<br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>wait</span><br /> <br /> rec2:<br /> <span style='color:#99CC00'>print serial2.</span><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>input</span><span style= 'color:#99CC00'>$</span><br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>return</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367489">OnTouch Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when the TFT screen is touched.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Refer to the chapter <a href="#_rb50gemnou4x"><span style= 'color:#1155CC'>TouchScreen</span></a> for more details.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367490">OnUDP Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a UDP message is received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff1" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> udp.begin</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> 5001 </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'set the UDP commmunication using port 5001</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#8866FF'><br /> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'> onudp</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> goudp<br /></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'Write several messages to the port</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> <br /> for i</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%; font-family:Consolas;color:red'> =</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> 0 to 100<br /> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'> udp.write</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "192.168.1.44"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>, 5001,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "Hello "</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:red'> +</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> str$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>i</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'><br /> next i<br /> wait<br /> <br /> goudp:<br /> v$</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:red'> =</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> udp.read$</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'receive the UDP data</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> v$<br /> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367491">OnWgetAsync Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a WgetAsync message is received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This is associated with the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> WGETASYNC</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The goal of the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WGETASYNC</span></b> command is to start a html get request without the module having to wait for the answer.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Because the response is async, this command specifies the location where the program should branch to when a message is received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff2" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>ONWGETASYNC</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>answer_done</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>WGETASYNC</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"www.fakeresponse.com/api/?sleep=5"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>, 80</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>For i</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>0 to 10000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' a kind of sleep just to demonstrate that the code continue to run</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Next i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>answer_done:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>WGETRESULT$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367492">OnUrlMessage Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered as soon as a web client requests for a web page with the url composed with <b><i>http://local_ip/msg?param=value</i></b>. This kind of request is typically called an AJAX request as it permits to exchange in both directions between the client (the web browser) and the server (the ESP module).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>In fact, in the url request, the client can send parameters in the form of couples of "param=value" separated by the character "&". For example, if the client wants to send 2 parameters, it can send the following request :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> <b><i>http://local_ip/msg?param1=value1&param2=value2.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As soon as this message is received by the ESP module, the event OnUrlMessage is triggered; this means that the program will continue from the location defined by the command OnUrlMessage.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As soon as the message is received, the parameters sent by the client can be got with the function UrlMsgGet$ and a message can be sent back to the client with the command UrlMsgReturn.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Let’s see an example :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff3" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>onUrlMessage</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>urlAjax</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>urlAjax:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>wlog</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"message received "</span> <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"a"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" "</span> <span style='color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"b"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>UrlMsgReturn</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"Message sent back "</span> <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>time$</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>print</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"b"</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, <span style='color:fuchsia'>ramfree</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Now using another web browser window, let’s type the following url :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> <b><i>http://esp_local_ip/msg?a=10&b=20</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As you can see in the following picture, the message is received by the ESP module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="621" height="582" id="image3.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image019.gif" alt="image" name= "image3.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>At the same time, the client receives the message sent back from the ESP module</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="718" height="261" id="image77.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image020.gif" alt="image" name= "image77.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>If the program is stopped, the module will answer with the message "STOPPED"</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="718" height="256" id="image34.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image021.gif" alt="image" name= "image34.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Now, let’s see a more complete example :</p> <table class="aff4" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>cls</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' this is the default value for pwm out</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>R <span style='color:red'>=</span> 512</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>G <span style='color:red'>=</span> 512</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>B <span style='color:red'>=</span> 512</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Setup the pwm channels</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>12, 1, R, 10000, 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>15, 1, G, 10000, 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>13, 1, B, 10000, 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Set the default values</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>1, R</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>2, G</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>3, B</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' these are the sliders</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>""</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|R <input type="range" id="dimmer_R" oninput="setPWM()" onclick="setPWM()" min="0" max="1023" value="|</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>str$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>R<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|"/><br>|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|G <input type="range" id="dimmer_G" oninput="setPWM()" onclick="setPWM()" min="0" max="1023" value="|</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>str$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>G<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|"/><br>|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|B <input type="range" id="dimmer_B" oninput="setPWM()" onclick="setPWM()" min="0" max="1023" value="|</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>str$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>B<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|"/><br>|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> a$ <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|<input type='text' id="txbox" value='---'>|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>html</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>a$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'this is the javascript "AJAX" code</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|function setPWM() {|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|r=_$("dimmer_R").value;|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|g=_$("dimmer_G").value;|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|b=_$("dimmer_B").value;|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|var xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest();|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|xmlHttp.open("GET", "msg?r=" + r +"&g=" + g +"&b=" + b, false);|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|xmlHttp.send(null);|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|r = xmlHttp.responseText;|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>|_$("txbox").value = r;|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> fun$ <span style= 'color:red'>&</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>|return r;}|</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' this is where the javascript code is inserted into the html</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>jscript</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>fun$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'this is where the prog will jump on slider change</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>onUrlMessage</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>message</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>message:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>print</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>1, <span style='color:fuchsia'>val</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"r"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>))</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>2, <span style='color:fuchsia'>val</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"g"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>))</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>3, <span style='color:fuchsia'>val</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"b"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>))</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>UrlMsgReturn</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#FF5500'>UrlMsgGet$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Open the input page in another window and run the program</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="680" height="249" id= "image19.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image022.gif" alt= "image" name="image19.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using an external RGB led, you’ll be able to directly control its color.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">You’ll see how the exchanges can be fast using AJAX exchanges. This program uses javascript embedded into the code. The javascript works with the function <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>XMLHttpRequest</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">A good reference for this function is here <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLHttpRequest"><span style= 'color:#1155CC'>AJAX - Send a Request To a Server</span></a></p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367493">OnEspNowMsg Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a ESP-NOW message is received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff5" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> espnow.begin </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' init the ESP-NOW</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onEspNowMsg</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>message</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' set the place where jump in case of message reception</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> message:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"Message Received!"</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367494">OnEspNowError Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This event is triggered when a ESP-NOW transmission error occurs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This happens, in particular, when the receiver device has not received the message.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="aff6" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> espnow.begin </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' init the ESP-NOW</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> espnow.add_peer</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"60:01:94:51:D0:7D"</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' set the MAC address of the receiver</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onEspNowError</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>status</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' set the place where jump in case of TX error</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> espnow.write</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"TX message"</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' send the message</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> status:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span> </b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"TX error on "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>;</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> espnow.error$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' print the error</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367495">OnMQTT Event</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This event is generated when a MQTT message is received or an MQTT event happens</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p> <table class="aff7" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> ....</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onmqtt</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> mqtt_msg</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' receive messages from the server</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> mqtt_msg:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "TOPIC : "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>;</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> mqtt.topic$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "MESSAGE: "</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>;</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> mqtt.message$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:4.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367496"></a><a>OnPlay Event</a><a class= "msocomanchor" id="_anchor_5" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_5','_com_5')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_5')" href="start.htm#_msocom_5" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_5">[5]</a> </h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This event is generated when a “metadata” is decoded when playing mp3 or streaming a web radio.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367497">WiFI CONNECTIONS</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>At startup, the module will try to connect to the router using any parameters specified in the page “<b>Config</b>”.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>If no parameters are specified in the “Config” page, or the connection is unsuccessful, it will default to AP (Access Point) mode with IP address 192.168.4.1 with the SSID composed of ESP(+ mac address).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>If the connection is successful, the module will use the IP address defined in the “Config” page or, if no IP address is specified, the IP will be given automatically by the Router DHCP server.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>After the module has connected to the router it will try to reconnect automatically if the connection is lost.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>There are several commands / functions available to manage the WIFI.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The first function is</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> WIFI.STATUS</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>which permits to get the status of the connection.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> WIFI.STATUS</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>’ print 3 if connected, 6 if disconnected</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The first useful command is</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FF5500'> SSID$</span>, <span style='color:#FF5500'>password$</span> [, <span style='color:#FF5500'>BSSID$</span>] [, <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>IP$</span> , <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>MASK$</span> [, <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>GATEWAY$</span>]]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>This command allows you to connect to any WIFI network (STA mode) overriding the parameters defined into the’ “Config” page. This function is async so the connection is done in background, while the program continues to run.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Is then possible to check the status of the connection using the function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> WIFI.STATUS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Example :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "HOMENET"</span>, <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"MyPassword"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "connecting"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'><br /> </span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas; color:#8866FF'>While</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> WIFI.STATUS</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'><></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>3<span style='color:fuchsia'><br /> </span> <span style='color:blue'>Print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"."</span><span style='color:fuchsia'><br /> </span> <span style='color:blue'>pause</span> 500<span style= 'color:fuchsia'><br /></span><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>wend</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Using the optional parameter</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BSSID$</span></b><span style='color:#212121; background:white'>, will enable the connection to a specific WiFi access point.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The BSSID represents the MAC address of the WiFi access point (the router) and it is defined as 6 bytes in hex format separated by colon, i.e.</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>AA:BB:CC:12:34:56</span></b><span style='color:#212121;background:white'>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>For stand alone configuration or for ESP-NOW applications, there is another command that puts the module in AP mode.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>This command is</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> WIFI.APMODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> SSID$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FF5500'>password$</span> [, channel]</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>[, <span style='color:#FF5500'>IP$</span> , <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>MASK$</span>]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The result is immediate and the status can be checked using the function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> WIFI.MODE</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>(see below).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The channel is optional and is 1 by default.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style= 'color:red;background:white'>IMPORTANT : the password must be at least 9 characters</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>It is eventually possible to control the output power of the module with the command</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.POWER</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pow</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.POWER</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>5</span></b> <span style='color:#212121;background:white'>’ set the output power at 5 dBm.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The module can also be put in WiFi sleep mode. This mode permits to turn off the WiFi reducing the power requirements of the module; this is very useful for battery oriented applications or for applications where the WiFi is not required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">To put the module in “modem-sleep”, the command to execute is <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> WIFI.SLEEP</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The module will stay in that mode until the execution of the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> WIFI.AWAKE</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">After this command, the module will reconnect automatically to the router (the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> is not required).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Another function available is</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia;background:white'> WIFI.CHANNEL</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>that shows the current Radio Channel used by the WIFI.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Using the function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia;background:white'> WIFI.RSSI</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>is it possible to get the intensity of the signal received (RSSI)</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>It is also possible to scan for the WiFi networks accessible around the module.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>This can be done using the command</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.SCAN</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>and the function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia; background:white'> WIFI.NETWORKS</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>network$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b><span style='color:#212121;background: white'>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><span style= 'color:#212121; background:white'>Example :</span><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 112%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#212121;background:white'><br /> </span><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue;background:white'>WIFI.SCAN</span></b><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#212121;background:white'><br /> </span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas; color:#8866FF;background:white'>While</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia; background:white'> WIFI.NETWORKS</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#212121; background:white'>A$</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 112%;font-family:Consolas;color:red;background:white'> <</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#212121; background:white'> 0<br /></span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas; color:#8866FF;background:white'>Wend</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#212121;background:white'><br /> </span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue;background:white'>Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#212121;background:white'> a$</span></b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; color:#212121;background:white'><br /> <br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The result will be :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><span style= 'color:#212121;background: white'>Vodaphone, 00:50:56:C0:00:08, -50, 5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><span style= 'color:#212121;background: white'>Orange, 00:50:56:C0:32:07, -70, 5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><span style= 'color:#212121;background: white'>Xxxx, 00:50:56:C0:86:CA,-78, 12</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><span style= 'color:#212121;background: white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>These information represent, in the order :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>SSID, BSSID(mac address), RSSI(signal intensity), Channel Radio</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia;background:white'> WIFI.MODE</span></b> returns the current mode of the WIFI connection as below:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'> </p> <table class="aff8" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="378" style= 'margin-left:62.25pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="87" valign="top" style= 'width:65.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>VALUE</p> </td> <td width="291" valign="top" style= 'width:218.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>MEANING</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="87" valign="top" style= 'width:65.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>0</p> </td> <td width="291" valign="top" style= 'width:218.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>The WIFI is in sleep mode</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="87" valign="top" style= 'width:65.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>1</p> </td> <td width="291" valign="top" style= 'width:218.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>The WIFI is in STATION mode</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="87" valign="top" style= 'width:65.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>2</p> </td> <td width="291" valign="top" style= 'width:218.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>The WIFI is in AP mode</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="87" valign="top" style= 'width:65.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>3</p> </td> <td width="291" valign="top" style= 'width:218.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>The WIFI in AP+STA mode</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The WIFI in <b>AP+STA</b> mode can be obtained by configuring the module in AP mode and then using the command</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121; background:white'>in the program.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Using a “fake” SSID / password (example</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "A"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>""</span></span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121; background:white'>) can be used to switch the WIFI into the <b>AP+STA</b> mode. This can be useful for mixed ESP32 / ESP8266 ESP-NOW operations.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Another Wifi related command is</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> OPTION.MAC</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> mac$</span></b> <span style='color:#212121;background:white'>that permits to modify the MAC address of the module.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>This is very important for the ESP Now functionality.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>Example :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> OPTION.MAC</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF"</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>In addition, the functions</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BAS.SSID$</span></b> <span style= 'color: #212121;background:white'>and</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BAS.PASSWORD$</span></b> <span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>returns respectively the login and the password used for the STATION wifi connection.</span></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367498">PROGRAM AUTORUN</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">If a program is defined to run automatically (“Autorun File” in the config page), the WiFi connection process is slightly different.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the option “Fast boot” in the config page is selected, the program will be executed immediately and the WiFi will be powered ON after a little delay ( 0.1 sec ).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> WIFI.SLEEP</span></b> is executed during the very beginning of the program ( for example as the first line of the program) the WiFi will be simply disabled without using any power.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This enhances the use of the module in low power applications (i.e. on battery).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The WiFi connection can then be restored later using the commands <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> WIFI.CONNECT</span></b> or <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> WIFI.APMODE</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> WIFI.SLEEP</span></b> is not executed at the beginning of the program, the WiFi connection will be established by default as described in the previous chapter (<b>WiFI CONNECTIONS</b>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> BAS.RESETREASON</span></b> can be used at the beginning of the program to understand the reasons for the restart of the module enabling it to take the appropriate actions.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In addition, the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> BAS.WAKEUPREASON</span></b> can be used to determine the cause of the wakeup from sleep if the module was in deep sleep mode.</p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367499">RECOVERY MODE</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">In case of any IP or Autorun problem preventing the module from being accessed, it is possible to temporarily bypass the IP settings of the module and disable the Autorun file by connecting the serial TX and RX pins together (GPIO1 to GPIO3) during the startup phase (power up).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This could happen if, for example, a wrong IP address has been set.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Doing this action when restarting the module will put it in AP mode with the IP address at 192.168.4.1, just like a module that has not been configured.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">A message “Recovery Mode” will be printed on the console, but none of the existing files on the module will be modified, including the internal configuration parameters.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this mode it will be possible to gain access to the module for changing such correct wrong IP parameters using the configuration page.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">When the TX/RX link is removed, the module can be rebooted to the configured settings at the next restart.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367500">SLEEP mode (low energy) and RTC memory</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The module can be put into low energy mode to minimise as much as possible the power requirements.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This mode is called <b>deep sleep</b> and should reduce the power consumption to a few µA but this is a function of each ESP32 module as the power requirement includes the different components installed on the module.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">When the module is put into deep sleep all the module activities are stopped, all the memory content of the module is lost except for the RTC memory (this is a special memory block inside the module that holds its content even if the module is reset, <u>but not when the module is powered OFF</u>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>At the end of the sleep period, the module restarts and reloads the program defined as autorun from the beginning (from the first line).</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">To put the module in deep sleep the following command is available :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> SLEEP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> value [, pin, level]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command puts the ESP32 in deep sleep (low energy) for 'value' seconds.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">At the end of the period, the unit will reboot and reload the default basic program.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' Sleeps for 600 seconds (10 minutes)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>The period can go from 1 second to several years (1 year = 31,536,000 seconds)</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Optionally, it is possible to wake up the module using an external signal sent on an input pin</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this case the pin and the level must be specified in addition to the time value.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' Sleeps for 3600 seconds (1 Hour) or until the pin 32 goes to high</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> SLEEP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> 3600, 32, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Only RTC IO can be used as a source for external wake up.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">They are pins: 0,2,4,12-15,25-27,32-39.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Level is 1 for wakeup on High and 0 for wakeup on Low</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Optionally, this command can be also used to wake up the module using the capacitive touch on an input pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In this case the command SLEEP maintains the same syntax but level defines the threshold value for the pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Only the following pins can be used for that purpose (capacitive touch) : 0, 2, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 27 32, 33</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Level must be > 1 to enable the touch (0 and 1 are reserved for the wake up on Low or Wake up on High).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' Sleeps for 3600 seconds (1 Hour) or until the pin 15 is touched</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> SLEEP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;background:white'> 3600, 15, 40</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' Threshold at 40</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The RTC memory will survive after the wake up permitting to take trace of the actions done before the sleep.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This memory can be set as below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BAS.RTCMEM$</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "data to be saved during deep sleep"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">And can be read as below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> A$</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'> =</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> BAS.RTCMEM$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note : the RTC memory can hold up to 7680 bytes</b></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367501">DATE - TIME timekeeper</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The ESP module normally synchronises its date and time from either of two NTP time servers ("pool.ntp.org" and "time.nist.gov"). Optionally an alternative (eg: intranet) time server can be defined using the [CONFIG] page.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using these servers the ESP doesn’t require any date/time setting (except the configuration of the Time Zone and DST done using the [CONFIG] page).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The timezone is defined as a string like<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>CET-1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3</span></b> that describes how the local time must be managed in terms of time shift and DST (summer / winter time).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#24292E; background:#F6F8FA'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A complete list of timezone strings can be found here : <a href= "https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db/blob/master/zones.csv"> <span style= 'color:#1155CC'>https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db/blob/master/zones.csv</span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">An internal timekeeper has been included if no time server is available, e.g. no available internet access.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This timekeeper starts from 01/01/1970 00:00:00 and counts the seconds since the power on of the module.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If internet connection becomes available later, the internal timekeeper will sync its time with the NTP servers.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The time can be sync with the NTP time server at any moment using the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'> OPTION.NTPSYNC.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This time and date can be manually set using the command SETTIME.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Syntax is :</p> <p class="MsoNormal">SETTIME year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Example</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Set the date to 02 September 2017 at 13:58:12</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SETTIME</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>17, 9, 2, 13, 58, 12</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>The time and date can also be manually synchronised to the computer using the "Time Sync" button in the File Manager window of the computer utility ‘tool’ if it has a websocket connection.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>WARNING:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>In both cases of manual setting, the time and date will default back to 1970 defaults at the next module restart, so will require setting again.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>For more information about the Time Zones and DST, please consult the following page :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href= "https://www.timeanddate.com/time/map/"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#1155CC'>Time Zone and DST</span></b></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>It is also possible to connect an RTC (DS1307 or DS3231) to the module.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>See the chapter “</span><a href="#_jke2f4rsdpp"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;color:#1155CC'>RTC Module</span></a><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%'>” for more details.</span></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367502">Unix Time functions</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>The following functions use the “Unix Time Stamp” format :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> DATEUNIX</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>date$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, <span style='color:fuchsia'>TIMEUNIX</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>time$<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, <span style='color:#FF5500'>UNIXDATE$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>value [,format]<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span><span style='color:blue'>,</span> <span style='color:#FF5500'>UNIXTIME$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span></span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>value</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>The “Unix Time Stamp” is a way to track time as a running total of seconds.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>This count starts at the Unix Epoch on January 1st, 1970 at UTC.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>Therefore, the unix time is merely the number of seconds between a particular date and the Unix Epoch.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>In synthesys :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> DATEUNIX</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>"01/01/18"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>returns the number of seconds from 01/01/1970 to the specified date 01/01/2018 (1514764800)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> TIMEUNIX</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>"12:30:55"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>returns the number of second since midnight (45055)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> UNIXDATE$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'>"1532773308"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>returns 28/07/18</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> UNIXTIME$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1532773308<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b> <span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%'>returns 10:21:48</span></p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367503">FAT32 File System</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex32 includes a FATFS file system hosted on the flash memory chip.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It “emulates” a disk file system enabling it to save and load files in a transparent way.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Depending on the size of the flash chip, the following free space is available :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="aff9" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>Flash Chip size</b></p> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>Free space available</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 4M</p> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <a>1MB</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <a class="msocomanchor" id="_anchor_6" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_6','_com_6')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_6')" href="start.htm#_msocom_6" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_6">[6]</a> 8M</p> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 5MB</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="332" valign="top" style= 'width:249.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 16M</p> </td> <td width="386" valign="top" style= 'width:289.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 13MB</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex32 can also use an SD CARD connected as described in the chapter SD CARD ADAPTER.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Both the internal FATFS and the SD CARD utilise the FAT32 file system</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This means that there are no particular limitations in terms of filename length and directories, compared to the SPIFFS file system limitations hosted in the ESP8266.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Unlike normal variables, filenames and folders are case sensitive.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex32 supports SD CARDS up to 16GB.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>The internal and the external (SDcard) space are mutually exclusive and cannot be accessed at the same time.</u></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>By default Annex32 will use the SD, if available, otherwise it will use the internal flash disk space (FATFS).</u></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Both the internal FATFS and external SD CARD share the same command and functions.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>All the file related functions share the same prefix <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>FILE.</span></b> followed by the specific function.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="affa" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>FUNCTIONS / COMMANDS</b></p> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367504"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.COPY</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$, newfile$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Copy the file <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$</span></b> into the file <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>newfile$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> in case of success or <b>0</b> if error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367505"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.DELETE</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Delete the file specified by <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> in case of success or <b>0</b> if error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367506"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.EXISTS</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> if <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$</span></b> exists, otherwise returns <b>0</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367507"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.RENAME</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>oldname$, newname$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Rename the file <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>oldname$</span></b> to <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>newname$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> in case of success or <b>0</b> if error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367508"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.SIZE</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns the size of the file (in bytes) if the file exist, otherwise returns -<b>1</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367509"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.MKDIR</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>dirname$<span style='color: blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Create a directory specified by <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> dirname$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> in case of success or <b>0</b> if error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367510"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.RMDIR</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>dirname$<span style='color: blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Remote the directory specified by <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>dirname$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns <b>1</b> in case of success or <b>0</b> if error</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367511"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'>FILE.DIR$</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>path$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Will search for files and return the names of entries found.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>path$</span></b> represents the directory name.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>path$</span></b> can include wildcards characters as ‘<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>*</span></b>’, ‘<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>.</span></b>’ and ‘<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>?</span></b>’</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function will return the first entry found.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">To retrieve subsequent entries use the function with no arguments. ie, <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'> FILE.DIR$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The return of an empty string indicates that there are no more entries to retrieve.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367512"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:#FF5500'>FILE.READ$</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>,</span> [line_num] | [start, length]<span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> <h5><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns the content of the file <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> filename$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Specifying <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas'>line_num</span></b>, only the corresponding line is read from the file.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>start</span></b> and <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>length</span></b> options are specified, the file is read from the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>start</span></b> position for <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>length</span></b> characters, otherwise the complete file is read in one go</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>The line number starts from 1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'>If the line is not existing (reached the end of file), the function will return <b>“_EOF_”</b> to indicate the end of the file.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_oo49piqecc91"></a><a name= "_Toc176367513"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.APPEND</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$, content$</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Append the content of <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>content$</span></b> to the file <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">If the file does not exist, it will be created.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The file can be read back using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> FILE.READ$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">File size is only limited by available disk space (internal FFAT or external SD card)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367514"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.SAVE</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>filename$, content$</span></b></h5> <h5><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Save the content of <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>content$</span></b> to the file <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The file can be read back using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> FILE.READ$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>filename$<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">File size is only limited by available disk space (internal FFAT or external SD card)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_cibnhhg525c7"></a><a name= "_Toc176367515"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.WRITE</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>filename$, content$</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Same functionalities as the previous command.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Implemented for homogeneity with other commands</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367516"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.FROMBASE64</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>source$, dest$</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Convert the file defined ‘source$’ into the file defined in ‘dest$’.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The source file can be in any format but must be encoded in base64 format. Useful for wokwi to store any file in text format</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367517"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.TOBASE64</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>source$, dest$</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Convert the file defined ‘source$’ into the file defined in ‘dest$’.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The source file can be in any format and will be encoded in base64 format.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367518"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.SAVE_IOBUFF</span></b></a></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">See the chapter I/O buffer for more details</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367519"></a><a class="msocomanchor" id= "_anchor_7" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_7','_com_7')" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_7')" href="start.htm#_msocom_7" language="JavaScript" name= "_msoanchor_7">[7]</a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.WRITE_IOBUFF</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">See the chapter I/O buffer for more details</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367520"></a><a class="msocomanchor" id= "_anchor_8" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_8','_com_8')" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_8')" href="start.htm#_msocom_8" language="JavaScript" name= "_msoanchor_8">[8]</a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.APPEND_IOBUFF</span></b></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">See the chapter I/O buffer for more details</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="270" valign="top" style= 'width:202.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <h5><a name="_Toc176367521"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>FILE.READ_IOBUFF</span></b></a></h5> </td> <td width="448" valign="top" style= 'width:336.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">See the chapter I/O buffer for more details</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Examples:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>List all the files in the directory <b><i>/html</i></b></p> <table class="affb" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>d$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>FILE.DIR$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span><span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"/html"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> While</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>D$ <span style='color:red'><></span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>""</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>wlog</span> d$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'> d$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>FILE.DIR$</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> Wend</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>File operations</p> <table class="affc" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> file.save</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "The quick brown fox "</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "exists"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.exists</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "size"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.size</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> file.append</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "jumps over the lazy dog"</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "size"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.size</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "copy"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.copy</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "/AAA.bas"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "size"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.size</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/AAA.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "rename"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.rename</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/AAA.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "/BBB.bas"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "size"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.size</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/BBB.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "size"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.size</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/AAA.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "read"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500'> file.read$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/test.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "delete"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'> file.delete</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"/BBB.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>)</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367522"></a><a name= "_1s811gbxumb7"></a>Download files from another module or WEB server</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command</p> <h5 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367523"></a><a name= "_layxbtchsrc6"></a><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'>FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>url$, file_path$</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> retrieves a file from a specified URL (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>url$</span>) and saves it to the local file path (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>file_path$</span>). This can be used both as a standalone command or as a function that returns a status code, indicating the success or failure of the download operation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>url$</b>: A string specifying the URL of the file to download. This should be a valid HTTP or HTTPS URL.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>file_path$</b>: A string specifying the local path where the downloaded file should be saved.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> When used as a function,<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'>FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b> returns an integer value that indicates the status of the download:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>1</b>: Download completed successfully.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>-1</b>: Not enough space available to download the file.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>-2</b>: Failed to open the file for writing.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>-3</b>: Failed to create an HTTP client.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Other HTTP error codes</b>: Various HTTP error codes that may be returned by the server (e.g., 404 for "Not Found", 500 for "Internal Server Error").</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This command is also useful for downloading (copying) a file from another Annex RDS module. By providing the appropriate URL, you can easily transfer files between modules, which is especially useful for distributing updates or configurations across multiple devices.</p> <h4 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;page-break-after:auto'> <a name="_Toc176367524"></a><a name= "_whm6dydlphcj"></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Notes:</span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The function handles both HTTP and HTTPS URLs, using a secure client</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The function checks for available space before attempting the download and will abort if there is insufficient space.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> All operations are logged to the serial output for debugging purposes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 1: download from the WEB</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "https://updates.cicciocb.com/annex-logo.png"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"/logo.png"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>or</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"http://updates.cicciocb.com/annex_bee_new.png"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"/logo2.png"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><i>Example 1: download from another Annex RDS Module with IP: <span style= 'color:#6AA84F'>192.168.1.181</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> "http://192.168.1.181/program1.bas"</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"/program1.bas"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>or</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Wlog</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> FILE.DOWNLOAD</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'>"http://192.168.1.181/program1.bas"</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"/program1.bas"</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FFAA00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>print file.download ("https://updates.cicciocb.com/annex-logo.png", "/logo.png")</p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367525">I/O BUFFERS</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O BUFFER is a functionality that gives the capability to hold and manage binary data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In short, the I/O buffer is a block of RAM memory that can be exchanged as a block or read and written byte per byte. It overcomes the limitation of strings, which are unable to include the character ASCII 0 (NUL).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It has a defined length and can be freely dimensioned and cleared.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It can be used in the code using the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF</span></b> keyword, and Annex exposes 5 I/O buffers numbered from 0 to 4.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O buffers can have any size within the limits of the free RAM memory available.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The main goal of this functionality is to interface with all the functions that require exchanges using binary data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In the current implementation it can be used with :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Files</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Serial Ports</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> SPI</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> I2C</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> UDP</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">As it is essentially a block of memory, the first command is <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> IOBUFF.DIM(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, size<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> that defines its size.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>buff_num</span></b> can span from 0 (first buffer) to 4 (last buffer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>size</span></b> can span from 0 to the maximum RAM memory available</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF.DIM(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 1000<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'dimension the I/O buffer 0 with 1000 bytes</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O buffer can be filled with a given set of data directly using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF.DIM</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF.DIM(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 10<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF.DIM(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 5<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> &h12, &hAA, &h50, &O377, &B10101010</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As soon as the buffer is dimensioned, the given amount of RAM is reserved for the buffer.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">When not required anymore, it can be removed with the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> IOBUFF.DESTROY(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IOBUFF.DESTROY(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'remove the buffer releasing the memory reserved</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note : The I/O buffers are automatically removed each time the program is run.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is possible to know the size of the buffer using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> IOBUFF.LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> IOBUFF.LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print the length of the buffer</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O buffer can be read byte per byte using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> IOBUFF.READ</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, position<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>position</span></b> can span from 0 (first byte) and the buffer length - 1 (last byte)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> IOBUFF.READ</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 4<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'print the byte 4 from the I/O buffer 0</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color: red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>IOBUFF.READ</span><span style= 'color:blue'>(</span>0, 7<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' read in the variable A the byte 7 from the I/O buffer 0</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O buffer can be written byte per byte using the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> IOBUFF.WRITE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, position, value<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>position</span></b> can span from 0 (first byte) and the length - 1 (last byte)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>value</span></b> can span from 0 to 255 (byte)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I/O buffers communicate with the other modules using the following syntax:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>-<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> xxxx</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-indent:36.0pt'>Receive data in the buffer <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> xxxx</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, start, size<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt'>Transmit (send) data from the buffer <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num</span></b> starting from the position <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>‘start’</span></b> for <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>‘size’</span></b> bytes</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> xxxx</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, start, size<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt'>Reply to the sender data from the buffer <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num</span></b> starting from the position <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>‘start’</span></b> for <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>‘size’</span></b> bytes</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-left:36.0pt'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Where <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> xxxx</span></b> can be :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SERIAL</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SERIAL2</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> FILE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> I2C</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SPI</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Detailed syntax :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> UDP.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SERIAL.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SERIAL2.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, filename$ [, position, nb_of_bytes_to_read]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> I2C.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, address, register, nb_of_bytes_to_read</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, nb_of_bytes_to_read</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> UDP.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, IP$, port</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SERIAL.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SERIAL2.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.SAVE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, filename$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, filename$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> FILE.APPEND_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, filename$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> I2C.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, address, register</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> UDP.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span> [,port]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, <span style= 'color:blue'>(</span>buff_num_reception<span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The IOBUFFER can be used for sending or receiving data.</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367526">Read Operations</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">When used for receiving data, the syntax is always<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>buff_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">When receiving data, it is not necessary to dimension the buffer before as it will be automatically dimensioned depending on the size of the data received. If the buffer was already containing some data, these will be flushed and replaced by the new data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, the following command receives all the data available from the serial port 2 in the buffer 3 :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SERIAL2</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>3<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command receives the data coming from an UDP connection in the buffer 1:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Additionally some other arguments may be required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command reads 512 bytes from the file data.bin starting from the file position 123 in the buffer 0:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> FILE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>(0<span style='color:blue'>),</span> “/data.bin”, 123, 512</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command reads 8 bytes from an I2C device with address 63 from the register 19 in the buffer 4 :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> I2C</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>4<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, 63, 19, 8</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command reads 32 bytes from the SPI bus in the buffer 2 :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SPI</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.READ_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, 32</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367527">Write Operations</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">When used for sending data, the syntax is always <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> .WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">When sending data, it is possible to send the entire buffer or only a part of it.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Specifying the optional arguments start and size it is possible to define the part of the buffer to be sent; otherwise, if omitted, the entire buffer will be transferred.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, the following command sends 10 bytes from the buffer 1 starting from the position 45 to the serial port :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SERIAL</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 45, 10<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends the complete buffer 1 to the serial port 2</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SERIAL2</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends 8 bytes from the buffer 2 starting from the position 128 to the SPI bus</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SPI</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, 128, 8<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Additionally some other arguments may be required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends 12 bytes from the buffer 1 starting from the position 64 to the UDP on the address <b>192.168.1.89</b> and port <b>8080</b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, 128, 8<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, “192.168.1.89”, 8080</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends the entire buffer 2 on the same UDP device :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>),</span> “192.168.1.89”, 8080</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command writes the buffer 1 to the file data.bin</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> FILE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, “data.bin”</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command has the same result and is provided for compatibility with the existing syntax</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> FILE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.SAVE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, “data.bin”</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command appends 36 bytes from the buffer 0 starting from the position 25 to data.bin</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> FILE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.APPEND_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 25, 36<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, “data.bin”</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends the buffer 2 to the I2C device with address 63 and register 19 :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> I2C</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, 63, 19</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The same operation but sending only 4 bytes starting from position 0:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> I2C</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.WRITE_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, 0, 4<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, 63, 19</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367528">Special operations</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The syntax <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> .REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> defines some kind of special operations.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, this command sends the buffer 0 back to the UDP message sender:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is the equivalent of <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> UDP.REPLY</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>message$</span></b> but with the IOBUFFER</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Optionally it is also possible specify part of the buffer and the destination port (eg: 5001) as below:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> UDP</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 2, 6<span style='color:blue'>)</span>, 5001</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">When used with the SPI bus, it transmits and receives at the same time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">As this operation requires 2 buffers, both must be specified.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, this command sends the buffer 0 and receive into the buffer 2:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SPI</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0<span style='color:blue'>), (</span>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command sends 4 bytes from the buffer 0 starting from the position 89 and receive 4 bytes in the buffer 3:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#CC4125'> SPI</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>.REPLY_IOBUFF(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 89, 4<span style='color:blue'>), (</span>3<span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367529">Advanced operations</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">Several other functions / commands are available for advanced users.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">These enable bit, string and hex operations</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>conversion from hex string :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.FromHex</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>(buff_num, var$ [, pos]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>var$</b> must contain a hex string in the form of "aabbcc1235"</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>pos</b> is the position where the HEX must be included in the buffer (0 by default)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>A part of the string can be converted in combination with mid$</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>conversion from string:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.FromString(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, var$ [, pos]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>var$</b> must contain a text string in the form of "This is a text string"</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>pos</b> is the position where the HEX must be included in the buffer (0 by default)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>A part of the string can be converted in combination with mid$</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>conversion to hex string:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>IObuff.ToHex$</span>(buff_num, [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>returns an hex string in the form of "aabbcc1235"</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>start</b> and <b>size</b> are optional and define the start and length (like MID$ but the 1st byte is 0)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>conversion to string:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>IObuff.ToString$(</span>buff_num, [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>returns a text string in the form of "This is a string"</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>start</b> and <b>size</b> are optional and define the start and length (like MID$ but the 1st byte is 0)</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367530">Bit operations</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>a <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>IObuff.bit(</span>buff_num, position, bit<span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>returns the value of the <b>bit</b> of the byte at the <b>position</b> of the <b>buff_num</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>returns 0 or 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.setbit(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, position, bit<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>set the <b>bit</b> of the byte at the <b>position</b> of the <b>buff_num</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.clearbit(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, position, bit<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>clear the <b>bit</b> of the byte at the <b>position</b> of the <b>buff_num</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.togglebit(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buff_num, position, bit<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>toggle the <b>bit</b> of the byte at the <b>position</b> of the <b>buff_num</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367531">Buffer copy</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> IObuff.copy(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>dest_buff_num [,pos]<span style='color:blue'>)</span> , (source_buff_num, [, start [, size]]<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'>Copy the from source_buff to dest_buff</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>pos</b> is the position where the source must be copied in the source (0 by default)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b>start</b> and <b>size</b> define what must be copied (have the same meaning as in <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> .WRITE_IOBUFF</span></b>)</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367532">Code examples :</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>UDP - use the remote controller APP for IOS devices (iphone and Ipad)</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="341" height="190" id= "image93.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image023.gif" alt= "image" name="image93.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="affd" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' I/O buffers example using the RCWController</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' available in the IOS app store.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' It uses by default the port 10000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' The APP sends a block of 10 bytes that</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' will be printed in the console on the same line</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> udp.begin</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>10000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' define the place where jump on message reception</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onudp</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>received</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>received:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' read the incoming data in the buffer 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>udp.read_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>size <span style='color:red'>=</span> iobuff.len<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "received "</span>; size; <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" bytes"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 9</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' read and print 1 byte at the time on the same line</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> iobuff.read<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0, z<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span>,</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> Print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' print an empty line</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>File read and transfer to the serial port by blocks</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="affe" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' I/O BUFFERS example using files</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' read a file in blocks of 512 characters</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' and send them to the serial port (print)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>fileName$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"/data8.txt"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>block_size <span style='color:red'>=</span> 512 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' size of the block to be read</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>file_size <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>file.size</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>fileName$<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "File size "</span>; file_size</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>file_size</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> file_size <span style= 'color:red'>-</span> 1 <span style='color:#8866FF'>step</span> block_size</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> file.read_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span>, fileName$, z, block_size</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' send the block on the serial port (print)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> serial.write_iobuff<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>Serial port data logger</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afff" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' I/O BUFFERS example to create a serial data logger</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' receive bytes from the serial port and</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' write them into the file /mylog.txt</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' all the characters will be recorded</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' including the ASCII 0 (NUL)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filename$ <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"/mylog.txt"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' define the place where jump on message reception</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onserial</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>received</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>received:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' waits for 10 millisec giving time to receive all the data</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> pause</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' read the incoming data in the buffer 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>serial.read_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>size <span style='color:red'>=</span> iobuff.len<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "received "</span>; size; <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" bytes"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' appends the received data to the file</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>file.append_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, filename$</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367533">WIRING</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="718" height="345" id="image181.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image024.gif" alt="image" name= "image181.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#6AA84F'>This diagram shows pin mapping for the popular ESP32 DEV Board module.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#6AA84F'>(*) pins GPIO6 to GPIO11 are not available.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex 32, as it supports by default the M5stack wiring, assumes the following pins already allocated/dedicated</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afff0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="657" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> PIN</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> FUNCTION</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> DESCRIPTION</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 32</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>PWM BL TFT</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Backlight TFT display</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 33</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>RST TFT</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>RST pin TFT</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 27</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>D/C TFT</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>D/C pin TFT</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 14</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS TFT</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS pin TFT</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 23</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI MOSI</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI MOSI pin (shared with SD and TFT)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 19</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI MISO</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI MISO pin (shared with SD and TFT)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 18</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI SCK</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SPI CLOCK pin (shared with SD and TFT)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>4</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS SDCARD</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS pin SDCARD</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>0</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS TFT TOUCH</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>CS pin Touchscreen (from the TFT)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>3</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> RX0</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Serial Port RX pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>1</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> TX0</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Serial Port TX pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 25</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> SPEAKER</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Speaker or mono audio output</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 21</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SDA I2C</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>I2C SDA pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 22</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>SCL I2C</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>I2C SCL pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>2</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>I2S DATA</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>Audio DAC I2S DATA pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>5</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>I2S BCLK</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>Audio DAC I2S BCLK pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 26</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>I2S LRCK</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>Audio DAC I2S LRCK pin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 16</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> PSRAM</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Optional PSRAM</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="57" valign="top" style= 'width:42.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 17</p> </td> <td width="143" valign="top" style= 'width:107.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> PSRAM</p> </td> <td width="457" valign="top" style= 'width:342.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> Optional PSRAM</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="718" height="314" id= "image121.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image025.gif" alt= "image" name="image121.png" /></p> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_kic12qr9stw3"></a> </h3> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367534">DIGITAL I/O</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Pin numbers correspond directly to the ESP32 GPIO pin numbering.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The function of the pin (input / output) must be defined before using the function PIN.MODE as below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><span style= 'background:red'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To define the pin 5 as input :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.MODE 1</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>5, <span style='color:blue'>INPUT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To define the pin 4 as input with a pullup:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.MODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>4, <span style='color:blue'>INPUT, PULLUP</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To define the pin 4 as input with a pulldown:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.MODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>4, <span style='color:blue'>INPUT, PULLDOWN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To define the pin 2 as output</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.MODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, <span style='color:blue'>OUTPUT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>To define the pin 2 as output open collector</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.MODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, <span style='color:blue'>OUTPUT</span>, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Pins may also serve other functions, like Serial, I2C, SPI.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>These functions are normally activated by the corresponding library.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The value from a pîn can be read as shown below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PIN</span><span style= 'color:blue'>(</span>5<span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>‘</span></b> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>read from GPIO5 pin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The pin value can be set as below</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>‘</span></b> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>set 0 on the GPIO2 pin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The pin value (0 or 1) can also be easily toggled by subtracting it from 1 (because 1-0=1 and 1-1=0), eg:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>1 -</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>‘</span></b> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"'>toggles the value of GPIO2 pin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> <b><i><u><span style='color:#CC0000'>This part is applicable only to the “classic” ESP32 as the other members of the family have different H/W characteristics and</span></u></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><i><span style= 'color:#CC0000'>Although pin numbers can be from 0 to 39, gpio pins <b>6 to 11</b> should not be used because they are connected to flash memory chips on most modules. Trying to use these pins as IOs will likely cause the program to crash.</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><span style= 'background:yellow'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Pins 34 to 39 are INPUT only and cannot be configured as <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PULLUP</span></b> or <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PULLDOWN</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Pins 0 to 33 can be <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INPUT</span></b>, <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> OUTPUT</span></b>, <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INPUT, PULLUP</span></b> or <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INPUT, PULLDOWN</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><i><span style= 'color:#CC0000'>Note:</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><i><span style= 'color:#CC0000'>If the module is equipped with PSRAM, the gpio pins 16 and 17 are reserved and must not be used.</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.STRENGTH</span></b> can be used to define the drive capability of the output pins from a scale from 0 to 3.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For example, the following command set the pin 15 with a drive capability of 2.</p> <h5 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367535"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PIN.STRENGTH</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>15, 2</span></b></h5> <div style= 'border:none #E3E3E3 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;background:white'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-bottom:15.0pt;text-align:justify;background: white;border:none;padding:0cm'> The ESP32 provides four drive strength levels for its GPIO pins:</p> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E3E3E3 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;background:white; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:21.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;background: white;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E3E3E3'> <span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Roboto;color:#0D0D0D'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> 0: Weakest drive strength, approximately 5 mA.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;background: white;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom: 0cm none #E3E3E3'> <span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Roboto;color:#0D0D0D'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> 1: Low drive strength, approximately 10 mA.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;background: white;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom: 0cm none #E3E3E3'> <span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Roboto;color:#0D0D0D'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> 2: Medium drive strength, approximately 20 mA.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:21.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;background:white;border:none;padding: 0cm;padding-top:0cm'> <span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Roboto;color:#0D0D0D'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span> 3: Maximum drive strength, approximately 40 mA.</p> </div> <h3 style='text-align:justify'><a name="_Toc176367536">PIN SERIAL SHIFTING</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Annex supports two commands for serially shifting data:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b> for sending data</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> PIN.SHIFTIN</span></b> for receiving data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> Both commands allow control over bit order, bit count, and timing delays.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>These commands are in particular useful to control external shift registers or simple SPI bus devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b> command is used to send data out serially through a specified data pin. It shifts out data bits one at a time, synchronised with a clock signal. The command allows you to specify the order in which bits are shifted (least significant bit first or most significant bit first), the number of bits to shift, and the timing delay between each bit. This command drives the data pin high or low according to the current bit in the data, and toggles the clock pin to indicate when each bit should be read by the receiving device.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> <b>Syntax:</b></p> <h5 style='text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367537"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>pin_data, pin_clk, data [, bit_order] [, nb_bits] [, delay_us]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> <b>Parameters:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin_data</span></b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> GPIO pin number used for the data line.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin_clk</span></b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> GPIO pin number used for the clock line that synchronises the data transfer.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>data</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Data to be shifted out.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Bit_order</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Specifies the bit order for shifting data. Possible values:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0 (default)</span></b> : LSBFIRST Least Significant Bit first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1 </span></b> : MSBFIRST Most Significant Bit first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Nb_bits</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Number of bits to shift out from the data. Default is 8 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Delay_us</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Delay in microseconds between each bit shift. Default is 1 microsecond.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'> <b>Details:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> This command uses critical section management to ensure atomic operations during the data shift process. However, because it relies on software delays, the timing may not be very precise, particularly for delays shorter than 10 microseconds</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Bit Order:</b> The bit order determines whether the least significant bit (LSBFIRST) or the most significant bit (MSBFIRST) is shifted out first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Number of Bits:</b> Specifies how many bits from the data value will be shifted out. If not specified, the default is 8 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Delay:</b> Introduces a delay between the setting of the data pin and toggling of the clock pin to control the timing of the data shift.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b>Example:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afff1" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="719" style= 'margin-left:-1.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="719" valign="top" style= 'width:539.25pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>13, 14, 0xFF <span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift out 8 bits from data 0xFF</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>13, 14, 0xFF, 1<span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift out 8 bits from data 0xFF with MSBFIRST</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>13, 14, 0xFFFF, 1, 16, 2 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift out 16 bits from data 0xFFFF with MSBFIRST, 2 µs delay</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN.SHIFTIN</span></b> function is used to receive data serially through a specified data pin. It shifts in data bits one at a time, using a clock signal to determine when to sample the data pin. Similar to <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.SHIFTOUT</span></b>, it allows you to specify the bit order, the number of bits to shift, and the timing delay between each bit. This function reads the state of the data pin in sync with the clock signal, capturing each bit as it arrives and storing it in a variable.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b>Syntax:</b></p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367538"></a><a name= "_fe12maic47sv"></a><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'>PIN.SHIFTIN</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>(</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>pin_data, pin_clk [, bit_order] [, nb_bits] [, delay_us] <span style= 'color:blue'>)</span></span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b>Parameters:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin_data</span></b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> GPIO pin number used for the data line.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin_clk</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> GPIO pin number used for the clock line that synchronises the data reading.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Bit_order</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Specifies the bit order for shifting data. Possible values:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0 (default)</span></b> : LSBFIRST Least Significant Bit first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1 </span></b> : MSBFIRST Most Significant Bit first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Nb_bits</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Number of bits to read from the data line. Default is 8 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>Delay_us</span></b> (optional):</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description:</b> Delay in microseconds between each bit read. Default is 1 microsecond.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b>Details:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> This command uses critical section management to ensure atomic operations during the data shift process. However, because it relies on software delays, the timing may not be very precise, particularly for delays shorter than 10 microseconds</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Bit Order:</b> Determines whether the least significant bit (LSBFIRST) or the most significant bit (MSBFIRST) is read first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Number of Bits:</b> Specifies how many bits will be read from the data line. If not specified, the default is 8 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Delay:</b> Introduces a delay between each bit read, allowing for control over timing and synchronisation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b>Example:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afff2" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="719" style= 'margin-left:-1.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="719" valign="top" style= 'width:539.25pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>A <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PIN.SHIFTIN</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>21, 22<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift in 8 bits from data pin 21 with clock pin 22</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>B <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PIN.SHIFTIN</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>13, 14, 1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift in 8 bits from data pin 13 with clock pin 14, reading MSBFIRST</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>C <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PIN.SHIFTIN</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>13, 14, 1, 16, 2<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' Shift in 16 bits from data pin 13 with clock pin 14, reading MSBFIRST, 2 µs delay</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <h3><a name="_6qgzuswgxfoe"></a> </h3> <h3><a name="_Toc176367539">PIN INTERRUPTS</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b>INTERRUPT</b> command permits to trigger an event when the signal on an input pin changes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The interrupt is triggered BOTH when the signal goes from LOW to HIGH and HIGH to LOW.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Therefore a momentary pulse actually generates 2 interrupts which need testing for Hi or Lo as appropriate.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <table class="afff3" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="719" style= 'margin-left:-1.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="719" valign="top" style= 'width:539.25pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> pin.mode</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>12, <span style='color:blue'>input</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' set pin 12 as input</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>interrupt</span> 12, change_input <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set interrupt on pin 12</span><br /> <br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>wait</span><br /> <br /> change_input:<br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>if</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>pin</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>12<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>then</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>return</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' if the pin is low, returns back</span><br /> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"The pin changed to HIGH"</span><br /> <span style='color:#8866FF'>Return</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It is possible to add an optional parameter, <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>mode</span></b>, that specify if the interrupt must be generated on the rising edge, the falling edge or on change:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Syntax:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INTERRUPT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin_no, {OFF | label} [, mode]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>- pin_no: The input pin number for which the interrupt is being defined. It must be an integer value ranging from 0 to the maximum pin number supported by the specific variant of the ESP32 (-s2, -c3, -s3).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>- label: The branch label to which the program will jump when the designated input pin signal changes. It must be a valid label in the program's context.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>- OFF: Use this keyword to remove the interrupt associated with the specified input pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>- mode (optional): An integer parameter or keyword specifying the trigger condition for the interrupt. It can take one of the following values:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> - 1, RISING: Rising edge trigger</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> - 2, FALLING: Falling edge trigger</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> - 3, CHANGE: Any change in signal trigger (default if 'mode' parameter is omitted)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> Examples:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> To set up an interrupt that jumps to the 'PIN5_CHANGE' label when a rising edge is detected on pin 5:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INTERRUPT 5</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, PIN5_CHANGE, RISING</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> To remove the interrupt associated with pin 5:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INTERRUPT 5</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, OFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> To set up an interrupt that jumps to the 'PIN13_TRANSITION' label when any change is detected on pin 13:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INTERRUPT 13</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas'>, PIN13_TRANSITION , CHANGE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> To set up an interrupt without specifying the trigger mode (defaulting to any change in signal) that jumps to the 'PIN7_UPDATE' label when pin 7 signal changes:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> INTERRUPT 7</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, PIN7_UPDATE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> Note:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Interrupts can provide a way to respond to external events asynchronously.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;border:none'> -<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The optional 'mode' parameter allows you to customize the trigger condition for the interrupt to match your specific application requirements.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>The input pin (pin_no) must be previously configured as an input before setting up the interrupt.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>Ensure that the specified 'pin_no' and 'label' are valid within the scope of your program.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>The maximum pin number supported by the ESP32 variant should be considered based on the specific model (-s2, -c3, -s3).</p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367540">Analog inputs</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>Annex32 has 8 ADC pins with 12 bits resolution which are available to users.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The function <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> ADC</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b> can be used to read voltage on the pins defined in the table below.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:120%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:120%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b></p> <table class="afff4" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:21.0pt'> <td width="718" colspan="8" valign="top" style= 'width:538.4pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#999999;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:21.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>GPIO Pins Available as Analog Input</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>32</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>33</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>34</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>35</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>36</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>37</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>38</span></b></p> </td> <td width="90" valign="top" style= 'width:67.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>39</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">To read the voltage applied at the pin, the function ADC can be used as below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:120%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:120%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:fuchsia'> ADC</span><span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>39<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span><span style='color:#99CC00'>' read voltage from the pin 39</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:120%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:120%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The voltage range is 0 ... 3.3V and the corresponding range returned by the function is 0 … 4095.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b>NOTE: When using the function</b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> ADC</span></b>,<b>the pin is automatically configured as an Analog Input</b></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367541">TOUCH inputs</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style='background:white'>Annex32 supports an additional ESP32 feature, the capacitive touch.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style='background:white'>With this feature, it is possible to activate inputs with your fingers with just one wire attached to the pin.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style='background:white'>The function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN.TOUCH</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b> <span style='background:white'>can be used to read the touch value</span> on the pins defined in the table below.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:120%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:120%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'> </span></b></p> <table class="afff5" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:21.0pt'> <td width="718" colspan="10" valign="top" style= 'width:538.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#999999;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:21.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'>GPIO Pins Available as Touch Input</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>0</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>2</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>4</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>12</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>13</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>14</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>15</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>27</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>32</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:53.85pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>33</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style='background:white'>The function</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> PIN.TOUCH</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b> <span style='background:white'>returns a value that drops as soon as the pin is touched.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style='background:white'>Normal values are around 70 when not touched and lower than 20 when touched.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <table class="afff6" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Pin Touch example</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Place a wire on pin 13 and look how the value changes when touching it</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>while</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>pin.touch</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>13<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>pause</span> 100</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>wend</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367542">Analog outputs</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 has 2 DAC output pins with 8 bits resolution which are available to users.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This function is available only on the pin GPIO25 and GPIO26</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.DAC</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin, value</span></b> can be used to set the output voltage on the pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The output voltage is approximately 0V @ value=0 and 3.3V @ value=255</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <table class="afff7" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'DAC output example</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PIN.DAC 25, 128</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Set the pin 25 at ~1.65V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>PIN.DAC 26, 64 </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Set the pin 26 at ~0.82V</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>NOTE: When using the command</b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PIN.DAC</span></b>,<b>the pin is automatically configured as an Analog Output</b></p> <h3><a name="_Toc176367543">Hardware interfaces:</a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal">The ESP32 contains several H/W interfaces that can be controlled by Annex32 WI-Fi using specific commands and functions.</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367544">PWM</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This functionality permits to control the output duty cycle of any pin, acting like an analog output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">There are 16 channels available where each channel can be connected to any output pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">To use it, the function must first be configured using the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> and then the value can be set using the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> PWM.OUT</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'background:yellow'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The frequency and the resolution can be defined individually for each channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The resolution can be from 1 to 15 bits.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The maximal frequency is 80000000 / 2^resolution</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>This table resumes the maximal frequency available in function of the resolutions and the associated range:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <table class="afff8" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="454" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>RESOLUTION (BITS)</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>MAX FREQUENCY</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#999999;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>VALUE RANGE</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>1</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>40000000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 ... 1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>2</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>20000000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 ... 3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>3</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>10000000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 ... 7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>4</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>5000000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 .. 15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>5</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>2500000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 .. 31</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>6</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>1250000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'> 0 … 63</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>7</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>625000</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 127</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>8</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>312500</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 255</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>9</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>156250</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 511</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>10</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>78125</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 1023</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>11</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>39063</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 2047</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>12</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>19531</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 4095</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>13</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>9766</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 8191</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>14</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>4883</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 16383</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="166" valign="top" style= 'width:124.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>15</p> </td> <td width="149" valign="top" style= 'width:111.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>2441</p> </td> <td width="139" valign="top" style= 'width:104.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt 1.4pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;border:none'>0 … 32767</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>All the output pins can be used for the PWM (the pins from GPIO0 to GPIO33).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>As there are 16 channels, up to 16 individual output pins can be used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>If using the M5Stack, the channels 0 and 7 are already reserved and attached to the pins 25 and 32.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>In this case the channels 0 and 7 must be avoided.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>To setup an output pin as a PWM output the following command must be used :</p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367545"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'>PWM.SETUP</span> </b></a><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>pin, channel, default_value, [,frequency] [,resolution]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>For example, to define a PWM output at 5KHz with 12 bits of resolution on the pin GPIO5 the command is :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>5, 1, 2048, 5000, 12</span></b> ‘ pin 5, channel 1, output value at 2048 (50%), 5KHz, 12 bits</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>As the resolution is set at 12 bits, the range will be from 0 to 4095 (hence 2048 is 50%).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>To define a PWM output at 10KHz with 8 bits on the pin GPIO22, the command is :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>22, 2, 128</span></b> ‘ pin 22, channel 2, value 128 ( 50%) , freq 10 KHz (default), resolution 8 bits (default)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>As soon as the command PWM.SETUP is done, the PWM output can simply be changed with the command :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367546"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'>PWM.OUT</span></b> <i>channel, value</i></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>For example, the command</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 1000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>Set the channel 1 (associated with the pin 5 in the previous command) at 1000.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>And the command</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.OUT</span> 2, 10</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Set the channel 2 (associated with the pin 22 in the previous command) at 10</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">To disconnect the pin from the PWM output the command is :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin, OFF</span><i>.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example the command</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>5, OFF</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Disconnect the pin 5 fro the PWM</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><i> </i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><i>NOTE for the M5stack:</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><i>The channel 0 is dedicated to the internal speaker (pin 25)</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><i>The channel 7 is dedicated to the TFT backlight (pin 32)</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><i> </i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367547">SERVO</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">This functionality exposes the ability to control RC (hobby) servo motors.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">There are no special commands dedicated as the servo can simply be used by setting a PWM pin with a 50Hz frequency.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, the following command :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>17, 1, 150, 50, 12</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Defines the pin 17 with the pwm channel 1 with a default value of 150 (frequency at 50 Hz and resolution at 12 bits).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The output can then be set with the command</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.OUT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 307</span></b>‘ channel 1 set at 90°</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">A typical servo motor expects to be updated every 20 ms with a pulse between 1 ms and 2 ms, or in other words, between a 5 and 10% duty cycle on a 50 Hz waveform. With a 1.5 ms pulse, the servo motor will be at the natural 90 degree position. With a 1 ms pulse, the servo will be at the 0 degree position, and with a 2 ms pulse, the servo will be at 180 degrees. You can obtain the full range of motion by updating the servo with any value in between.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style='color:#212121'><img border= "0" width="432" height="231" id="image122.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image026.gif" alt="image" name= "image122.png" /></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using a 12 bits resolution (max value = 4095 for 20 msec pulse (1/50 Hz)), the theoretical values should be :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b> 0° -> 1 msec -> 1/20 * 4096 = 205</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>90° -> 1.5 msec -> 1.5/20 * 4096 = 307</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>180° -> 2 msec -> 2/20 * 4096 = 409</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style= 'color:#212121'> </span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>Generating Tones</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This section introduces the functionality of generating tones using the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE</span></b> command.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command provides the means to create tones using the PWM.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Syntax</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE</span></b> command follows a concise syntax:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>channel, frequency [, duration_ms]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> channel: Selects a specific PWM channel for tone output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> frequency: Specifies the frequency of the generated tone in Hertz (Hz).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> duration_ms: (Optional) Defines the duration of the tone in milliseconds (ms). If omitted, the tone will play indefinitely.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Practical Examples</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style='color:#212121'>Example 1: Single Tone</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">To generate a continuous tone at 1000 Hz on channel 1, use:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style= 'color:#212121'> </span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>1, 1000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This command establishes a steady 1000 Hz tone on channel 1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style= 'color:#212121'> </span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style='color:#212121'>Example 2: Timed Tone</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">For a tone lasting 200 ms at 2000 Hz on channel 2, apply:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, 2000, 200</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Channel 2 will produce a tone at 2000 Hz for a duration of 200 milliseconds.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style='color:#212121'>Example 3: Stopping a Tone</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">To halt an ongoing tone on channel 1, use the following command</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.TONE 1</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, 0</span></b> command</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Prior to using PWM.TONE, ensure proper channel setup using the PWM.SETUP command, for example using <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PWM.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>5, 1, 0</span></b>. (pin 5, channel1, default output at 0)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Be mindful of the channel's frequency range and resolution limits.</p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367548">I2S BUS</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">I²S (Inter-IC Sound), is an electrical serial bus interface standard used for connecting digital audio devices together. It is used to communicate PCM audio data between integrated circuits in an electronic device.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I²S bus separates clock and serial data signals, resulting in a lower jitter than is typical of communications systems that recover the clock from the data stream.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Despite the name similarity, I²S is unrelated to the bidirectional I²C (I2C) bus.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The bus consists of three lines:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bit clock line</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Typically called "bit clock (BCLK)". PIN <b>GPIO5</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Word clock line</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Typically called "left-right clock (LRCLK)" or “Word Select (WSEL)”. PIN <b>GPIO26</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Data line</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>-<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Typically called "serial data (SD)". Can also be called (SDIN, SDOUT or DATA). PIN <b>GPIO2</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The typical use of the I2S is to connect an external DAC to provide a High Quality stereo sound output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using the PLAY.xxx commands, it will be possible to play MP3 and WAV files directly from the disk.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Any generic I2S DAC can be used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 has been successfully tested with the PC5102A and the UDA1334A</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="534" height="327" id= "image10.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image027.gif" alt= "image" name="image10.png" />UDA1334A I2S DAC</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="718" height="320" id= "image219.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image028.gif" alt= "image" name="image219.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="519" height="278" id= "image167.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image029.gif" alt= "image" name="image167.png" />PCM5102A I2S DAC</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>NOTE:</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This module requires the following setting (solder joints)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Component side:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Next to the <b>sck</b> connection</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Back side:</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>1</b> set to L</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>2</b> set to L</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>3</b> set to H</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>4</b> set to L</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="719" height="273" id= "image123.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image030.gif" alt= "image" name="image123.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is now also possible to use the CODEC ES8388 using the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> OPTION.ES8388</span></b></p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367549">SPEAKER OUTPUT</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The M5stack contains an internal speaker connected, via an audio amplifier, to the pin GPIO25.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This permits the generation of audio signals using the internal 8 bits DAC.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Using the PLAY.xxx commands, it will be possible to play MP3 and WAV files directly from the disk.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is possible to connect an earphone directly on the output between the pin GPIO25 and the ground but the best is to connect a little audio amplifier.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>NOTE: it is recommended to put a capacitor ( ~100nF) between the GPIO25 and the audio amplifier in order to remove the DC component from the audio signal.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367550">I2C BUS</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">The I²C bus allows the module to connect to I²C devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">I²C uses only two bidirectional open-drain lines, Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL), pulled up with resistors (typically 4.7K to 10K).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The I²C has a 7 bit address space permitting, theoretically, to connect up to 126 I/O devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The maximal number of nodes is limited by the address space and also by the total bus capacitance of 400 pF, which restricts practical communication distances to a few meters. The relatively high impedance and low noise immunity requires a common ground potential, which again restricts practical use to communication within the same PC board or small system of boards.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The current implementation is master mode @ 100Khz by default.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The SDA and SCL pins can be freely defined using the command <b><i><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:blue'> I2C.SETUP</span></i></b> <b><i><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>sda_pin, scl_pin</span></i></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example, to define pins <span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;color:#404040;background:#FCFCFC'> 21(SDA) and 22(SCL) the command is :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> I2C.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>21, 22</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is important to provide correct pullup resistors on these lines; values between 4.7K to 10K should be appropriate.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The commands available are :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:112%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> I2C.BEGIN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:blue'>I2C.END</span>, <span style= 'color:blue'>I2C.REQFROM</span>, <span style= 'color:blue'>I2C.SETUP</span>, <span style= 'color:blue'>I2C.WRITE</span></span></b><span style= 'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br /> <br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The functions available are :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> I2C.LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:fuchsia'>I2C.READ</span>, <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>I2C.END</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>There are also other advanced functions / commands to simplify exchanges with the i2c bus.</span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#212121;background:white'>The advanced commands available are :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> I2C.READREGARRAY</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>, <span style='color:blue'>I2C.WRITEREGBYTE</span>,<span style= 'color:blue'>I2C.WRITEREGARRAY</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The advanced functions available are :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> I2C.READREGBYTE</span></b><a class="msocomanchor" id="_anchor_9" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_9','_com_9')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_9')" href="start.htm#_msocom_9" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_9">[9]</a> <a class= "msocomanchor" id="_anchor_10" onmouseover= "msoCommentShow('_anchor_10','_com_10')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_10')" href="start.htm#_msocom_10" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_10">[10]</a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>The I2C bus can also be used with the IO Buffers ( look at the dedicated chapter)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">As all the devices can have a "not well" determined address, please find here a little i2c scanner program which returns the address of all the devices found connected to the bus</p> <table class="afff9" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'I2C Address Scanner</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'print in the console the address of the devices found</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>I2C.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>21, 22 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set I2C port on pins 21 and 22</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>for</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 120</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.begin</span> i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>if</span> <span style= 'color:blue'>i2c.end</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style='color:#8866FF'>then</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"found "</span>; i , <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>hex$</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>i<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>pause</span> 10</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#8866FF'>end</span> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>if</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367551"><b>PCF8574 Module</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">This is an example of connection of a module with PCF8574 bought on Ebay at less than 2€ </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="719" height="216" id= "image33.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image031.gif" alt= "image" name="image33.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This drawing shows how this module must be connected to the ESP32.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It provides 8 digital inputs or outputs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="719" height="291" id= "image108.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image032.gif" alt= "image" name="image108.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is an example of code that "drives" this module:</p> <table class="afffa" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>I2C.SETUP 21, 22 </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' set I2C port on pins 21 and 22</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>device_address <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 32 <span style='color:#99CC00'>'set to module i2c address</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Write from 0 to 255 on the module</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Each pin will blink at different frequency</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>For</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>PCF8574_write i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Read all the inputs</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'The result is printed into the serial console</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' put all the inputs at pullup state</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>PCF8574_write 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>r <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>For</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 1000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> PCF8574_<span style='color:blue'>read</span> r</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>Print</span> r</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>Next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>End</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>PCF8574_write<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>x<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.begin</span> device_address</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.write</span> x</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.end</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>sub</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>PCF8574_<span style= 'color:blue'>read</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>x<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.begin</span> device_address</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.reqfrom</span> device_address, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> x <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>i2c.read</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>i2c.end</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#8866FF'>sub</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <h5><a name="_k96n5d3xt5tf"></a><b> </b></h5> <h5><a name="_Toc176367552"><b>ADS1115 Module</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">This is another example of connection of a module with ADS1115 bought on Ebay at less than 2€.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is a 16 Bit ADC 4 channel Module with Programmable Gain Amplifier.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="111" height="292" id= "image55.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image033.gif" alt= "image" name="image55.png" /><img border="0" width="106" height= "292" id="image218.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image034.gif" alt="image" name= "image218.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Because the module already contains two 10K I2C pullups, no external resistors are required</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> <img border="0" width="718" height="413" id="image58.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image035.gif" alt="image" name= "image58.png" /></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">As this device is quite simple to interface, it can be directly driven using a “driver” written in basic.</p> <table class="afffb" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' ADS1115 Driver for Annex</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' datasheet http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ads1115.pdf</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' ADS1115 Registers</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_ADDRESS <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h48</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_CONV_REG <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : ADS1115_CONF_REG <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_HI_T_REG <span style='color:red'>=</span> 2 : ADS1115_LO_T_REG <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>i2c.setup</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>21, 22 <span style='color: #99CC00'>' set I2C bus</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' Set the ADS1115 with :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' AINp = AIN0 and AINn = AIN1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' FSR = ±4.096 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' 16 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_setup 0, 1, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' scale in volt</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>scale <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 4.096 <span style='color:red'>/</span> 32768</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>v <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>for</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 100000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> ADS1115_read v <span style='color:#99CC00'>' read from the module</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>print</span> v <span style='color:red'>*</span> scale</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'---------------------------------------------------------</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' INPUT MULTIPLEX :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' AINp is the input positive</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' AINn is the input negative</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'0 : AINp = AIN0 and AINn = AIN1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'1 : AINp = AIN0 and AINn = AIN3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'2 : AINp = AIN1 and AINn = AIN3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'3 : AINp = AIN2 and AINn = AIN3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'4 : AINp = AIN0 and AINn = GND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'5 : AINp = AIN1 and AINn = GND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'6 : AINp = AIN2 and AINn = GND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'7 : AINp = AIN3 and AINn = GND</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'GAIN</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'0 : FSR = ±6.144 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'1 : FSR = ±4.096 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'2 : FSR = ±2.048 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'3 : FSR = ±1.024 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'4 : FSR = ±0.512 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'5 : FSR = ±0.256 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'6 : FSR = ±0.256 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'7 : FSR = ±0.256 V</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'DATA RATE</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'0 : 8 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'1 : 16 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'2 : 32 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'3 : 64 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'4 : 128 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'5 : 250 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'6 : 475 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'7 : 860 SPS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_setup<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>inp_mux, gain, rate<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>local</span> conf</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> conf <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>inp_mux <span style='color:red'><<</span> 12<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>or</span> <span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>gain <span style= 'color:red'><<</span> 9<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>or</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>rate <span style= 'color:red'><<</span> 5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>or</span> 3 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' + disable comp</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'use the IO Buffer 0 for writing</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>iobuff.dim</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>conf <span style='color:red'>and</span> <span style='color:red'>&</span>hff00<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>>></span> 8 , conf <span style='color:red'>and</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>hff</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> i2c.write_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, ADS1115_ADDRESS, ADS1115_CONF_REG</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> sub</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>ADS1115_read<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>ret<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'use the IO Buffer 0 for reading</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> i2c.read_iobuff<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span>, ADS1115_ADDRESS, ADS1115_CONV_REG, 2</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>if</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>iobuff.len</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>then</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>print</span> <span style='color:#FFAA00'>"No communication"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>else</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>iobuff.read</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0, 0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'><<</span> 8 <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>iobuff.read</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0, 1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> end if</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>if</span> ret <span style='color:red'>></span> 32768 <span style='color:#8866FF'>then</span> ret <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> ret <span style='color:red'>-</span> 65536</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> sub</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367553"><b>MCP23017 Module</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">This is another example for connecting an I2C module, an MCP20S17 bought on Ebay at less than 2€.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This module provides 16 GPIO pins that can be used as digital inputs or outputs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="480" height="311" id= "image68.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image036.gif" alt= "image" name="image68.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Because the module already contains two 10K I2C pullups, no external resistors are required</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> <img border="0" width="718" height="297" id="image127.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image037.gif" alt="image" name= "image127.png" /></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">As this device is quite simple to interface, it can be directly driven using a “driver” written in basic.</p> <table class="afffc" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' MCP23017 Driver for Annex</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>' datasheet http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/20001952C.pdf</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>I2C.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>21, 22 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set I2C port on pins 21 and 22</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>device_address <span style='color:red'>=</span> 32 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'set to module i2c address</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'MCP23017 internal registers</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>IODIRA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : IODIRB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : IPOLA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 2 : IPOLB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>GPINTENA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 4 : GPINTENB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 5 : DEFVALA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 6 : DEFVALB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 7</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>INTCONA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 8 : INTCONB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 9 : IOCONA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 10 : IOCONB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 11</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>GPPUA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 12 : GPPUB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 13 : INTFA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 14 : INTFB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>INTCAPA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 16 : INTCAPB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 17 : GPIOA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 18 : GPIOB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 19</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>OLATA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20 : OLATB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 21</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>i2C.WriteRegByte</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>device_address, IOCONA, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h08 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' init MCP23S17 with bit HAEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>i2C.WriteRegByte</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>device_address, IODIRA, <span style='color:red'>&</span>hFF <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' all PORT A pins as input</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>i2C.WriteRegByte</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>device_address, GPPUA, <span style='color:red'>&</span>hff <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' set PORT A pullup on all pins</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>i2C.WriteRegByte</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>device_address, IODIRB, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h00 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' all PORT B pins as output</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>r <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>for</span></b> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>I2C.WriteRegByte</span> device_address, GPIOB, z <span style='color:#99CC00'>' pulse all GPIOB pins</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> r <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>i2C.ReadRegByte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>device_address, GPIOA<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' read all GPIOA pins</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>print</span> r</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>pause</span> 100</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4><a name="_Toc176367554">SPI BUS</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The SPI bus allows the module to connect to SPI devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The <b>Serial Peripheral Interface bus (SPI)</b> is a synchronous serial communication interface used for short distance communication between devices.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>SPI devices communicate in full duplex mode using a master-slave architecture where the ESP32 is the master. The ESP32 generates the frame for reading and writing.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>Multiple slave devices are supported through selection with individual chip select (CS) lines.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'>The SPI bus utilise four logic signals:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'> </p> <table class="afffd" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="679" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="80" valign="top" style= 'width:60.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>SIGNAL</b></p> </td> <td width="400" valign="top" style= 'width:300.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> <td width="199" valign="top" style= 'width:149.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#D9D9D9;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'><b>I/O PIN</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="80" valign="top" style= 'width:60.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>SCLK</b></p> </td> <td width="400" valign="top" style= 'width:300.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'>Serial Clock (output from the ESP32)</p> </td> <td width="199" valign="top" style= 'width:149.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> GPIO18</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="80" valign="top" style= 'width:60.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>MISO</b></p> </td> <td width="400" valign="top" style= 'width:300.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'>Master Input Slave Output (data input to the ESP32)</p> </td> <td width="199" valign="top" style= 'width:149.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> GPIO19</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="80" valign="top" style= 'width:60.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>MOSI</b></p> </td> <td width="400" valign="top" style= 'width:300.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'>Master Output Slave Input (data output from the ESP32)</p> </td> <td width="199" valign="top" style= 'width:149.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> GPIO23</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="80" valign="top" style= 'width:60.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b>CS</b></p> </td> <td width="400" valign="top" style= 'width:300.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'>Chip Select (often active low, output from the ESP32)</p> </td> <td width="199" valign="top" style= 'width:149.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'>Any output pin, controlled automatically</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><span style= 'font-family:"Courier New"'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><i>Because these pins are allocated by default, they may not not be available, by default, to be used as generic GPIO pins.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>For that the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.STOP</span></b> enable to recover the control on these I/O pins</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><b>CS pin</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As many devices can be connected in parallel, sharing the same SCLK, MISO and MOSI signals, each device is controlled individually using an individual CS signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>As Annex32 implements multitasking, in order to guarantee that the CS signal is generated in phase with the data to be transferred, the CS pin is managed automatically.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.CSPIN</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin [, polarity]</span></b> permits the pin associated with the device to be controlled. Additionally, it permits to define the polarity as 0 = active low (default) and 1 = active high.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'><b>SPI Mode: Polarity and Clock Phase</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>The SPI interface defines no protocol for data exchange, limiting overhead and allowing for high speed data streaming. Clock polarity (CPOL) and clock phase (CPHA) can be specified as ‘0’ or ‘1’ to form four unique modes to provide flexibility in communication between master and slave as shown below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> <img border="0" width="651" height="328" id="image11.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image038.gif" alt="image" name= "image11.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>If CPOL and CPHA are both ‘0’ (defined as Mode 0) data is sampled at the leading rising edge of the clock. <b>Mode 0 is by far the most common mode for SPI bus slave communication.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>If CPOL is ‘1’ and CPHA is ‘0’ (Mode 2), data is sampled at the leading falling edge of the clock. Likewise, CPOL = ‘0’ and CPHA = ‘1’ (Mode 1) results in data sampled on the trailing falling edge and CPOL = ‘1’ with CPHA = ‘1’ (Mode 3) results in data sampled on the trailing rising edge.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'>The table below summarizes the available modes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <div align="center"> <table class="afffe" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="404" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:24.0pt'> <td width="137" valign="bottom" style= 'width:102.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#CCCCCC;padding:4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt;height:24.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>Mode</span></p> </td> <td width="132" valign="bottom" style= 'width:99.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#CCCCCC;padding:4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; height:24.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>CPOL</span></p> </td> <td width="135" valign="bottom" style= 'width:101.25pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#CCCCCC;padding:4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; height:24.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%'>CPHA</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:14.0pt'> <td width="137" valign="top" style= 'width:102.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>0</span></p> </td> <td width="132" valign="top" style= 'width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>0</span></p> </td> <td width="135" valign="top" style= 'width:101.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:14.0pt'> <td width="137" valign="top" style= 'width:102.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>1</span></p> </td> <td width="132" valign="top" style= 'width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>0</span></p> </td> <td width="135" valign="top" style= 'width:101.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:14.0pt'> <td width="137" valign="top" style= 'width:102.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>2</span></p> </td> <td width="132" valign="top" style= 'width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>1</span></p> </td> <td width="135" valign="top" style= 'width:101.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:14.0pt'> <td width="137" valign="top" style= 'width:102.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>3</span></p> </td> <td width="132" valign="top" style= 'width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>1</span></p> </td> <td width="135" valign="top" style= 'width:101.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; background:white;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:8.0pt;text-align:center'><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#333333'>1</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify;border:none'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>The data can also be sent MSB first or LSB first.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This is defined as bit order and is MSB first by default</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>Even if the chip is able to achieve 80Mhz, the maximum realistic SPI speed is 40Mhz.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The commands available are :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.SETUP</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>speed [,data_mode [, bit_order]]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.CSPIN</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>pin [, polarity]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The functions available are :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas'>ret = <span style='color:fuchsia'>SPI.BYTE</span>(byte)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas'>a$ = <span style='color:#FF5500'>SPI.STRING$</span>(data$, len)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas'>a$ = <span style='color:#FF5500'>SPI.HEX$</span>(datahex$, len)</span></b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:118%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'><br /> <br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>As said previously, because the ESP32 uses multitasking, it is impossible to warrant the exclusive use of the SPI bus during the execution of the script (it could be used by the SD card or the TFT, for example).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>For this reason, the CS pin is managed internally by Annex directly by the SPI functions.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>This is defined with the command <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> SPI.CSPIN</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas'>pin [, polarity]</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>The optional parameter <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:118%;font-family:Consolas'>polarity</span></b> defines if the CS signal must be active low (0 = default) or active high (1).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>This command will set the pin automatically as output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>The SPI bus can also be used with the IO Buffers ( look at the dedicated chapter)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:118%'>Look at the examples below for more details:</p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367555"><b>74HC595 Module</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">This is an example of connection of a module with 74HC595 bought on Ebay at less than 2€ </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="238" height="175" id="image26.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image039.gif" alt="image" name= "image26.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This drawing shows how this module must be connected to the ESP8266.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>It provides 8 digital outputs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'><img border="0" width="718" height="435" id="image41.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image040.gif" alt="image" name= "image41.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='text-align:justify'>This is an example of code that "drives" this module:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <table class="affff" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Write from 0 to 255 on the module</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'>'Each pin will blink at different frequency</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>spi.setup</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>100000 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' set the SPI port at 100KHz</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>SPI.CSPIN 15, 1</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' defines the pin 15 as CS active high</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>for</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> r <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>spi.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>i<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal;border:none'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='border:none'><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367556"><b>MCP23S17 Module</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">This is another example for connecting an SPI module, an MCP23S17 bought on Ebay at less than 2€.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This module provides 16 GPIO pins that can be used as digital inputs or outputs. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> <img border="0" width="235" height="290" id="image135.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image041.gif" alt="image" name= "image135.png" /><img border="0" width="260" height="290" id= "image180.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image042.gif" alt= "image" name="image180.png" /></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> <img border="0" width="719" height="361" id="image117.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image043.gif" alt="image" name= "image117.png" /></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As this device is quite simple to interface, it can be directly driven using a “driver” written in basic.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is an example using the SPI pins and the GPIO15 as CS signal</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"'> </span></b></p> <table class="affff0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="718" valign="top" style= 'width:538.7pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' MCP23S17 Driver for Annex</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' datasheet http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/20001952C.pdf</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> spi.setup</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>1000000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'MCP23S17 SPI address</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_ADDR <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h40 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' assumes A2, A1, A0 to GND</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'MCP23S17 internal registers</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>IODIRA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : IODIRB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : IPOLA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 2 : IPOLB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 3</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>GPINTENA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 4 : GPINTENB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 5 : DEFVALA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 6 : DEFVALB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 7</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>INTCONA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 8 : INTCONB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 9 : IOCONA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 10 : IOCONB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 11</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>GPPUA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 12 : GPPUB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 13 : INTFA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 14 : INTFB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>INTCAPA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 16 : INTCAPB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 17 : GPIOA <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 18 : GPIOB <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> 19</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>OLATA <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20 : OLATB <span style='color:red'>=</span> 21</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_WRITE IOCONA, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h08 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' init MCP23S17 with bit HAEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_WRITE IODIRA, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h00 <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' all PORT A pins as output</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_WRITE IODIRB, <span style='color:red'>&</span>hff <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' all PORT B pins as input</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_WRITE GPPUB , <span style='color:red'>&</span>hff <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' all PORT B pins as pullup</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>v <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>i <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 255</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> MCP23S17_WRITE GPIOA, z <span style='color:#99CC00'>' pulse all GPIOA pins</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> MCP23S17_READ GPIOB, v <span style='color:#99CC00'>' read all GPIOB pins</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> v</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>i</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> End</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' function for read / write the MCP23S17</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_WRITE<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>register, value<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>SPI.CSPIN</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> a <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>MCP23S17_ADDR<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> a <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>register<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'> a <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>value<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:110%'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:110%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> sub</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>sub</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>MCP23S17_READ<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>register, value<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>local</span> a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:blue'>SPI.CSPIN</span> 15</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> a <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>MCP23S17_ADDR <span style= 'color:red'>or</span> 1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> a <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>register<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'> value <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>SPI.byte</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='line-height:normal'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'>end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#8866FF'> sub</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <h4><a name="_Toc176367557">CAN BUS</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal">A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_bus"><span style= 'color:windowtext; text-decoration:none'>vehicle bus</span></a> standard designed to allow <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"><span style= 'color:windowtext; text-decoration:none'>microcontrollers</span></a> and devices to communicate with each other's applications without a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_computer"><span style= 'color:windowtext; text-decoration:none'>host computer</span></a>. It is a <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message-based_protocol"><span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>message-based protocol</span></a>, designed originally for <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing"><span style= 'color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>multiplex</span></a> electrical wiring within automobiles to save on copper, but can also be used in many other contexts.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Annex32 implements the support for standard CAN 2.0A (11-bit identifier) and CAN 2.0B (29-bit identifier).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">To interface with an external CAN BUS, the ESP32 requires the use of a CAN transceiver like the <b>TJA1050</b>, the <b>MCP2551</b> or the <b>SN65HVD230</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">For example this module is based on the chip TJA1050 and can be bought for around 1€ on the internet.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="560" height="309" id= "image188.png" src="Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image044.gif" alt= "image" name="image188.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Annex32 supports the transmission <b>and</b> reception of CAN BUS frames.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The bus can be initialised in NORMAL mode, NO ACK mode and LISTEN ONLY mode</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The following BUS speeds are supported 25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 500, 800, 1000 (Kbits / sec).</p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367558"><u>CAN.SETUP</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">To use the CAN BUS, it must be initialised before using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> CAN.SETUP</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.SETUP</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>speed, pin_tx, pin_rx, [can_mode [, filter_code, filter_mask]]<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">where :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>speed </span></b> is the bus speed in Kbit/sec and can be 25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 800, 1000</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>pin_tx</span></b> is the pin of the ESP32 used for the TX signal (connected to the transceiver)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>pin_rx</span></b> is the pin of the ESP32 used for the RX signal (connected to the transceiver)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>can_mode </span></b> can be 0 (NORMAL), 1 (NO ACK) or 2 (LISTEN ONLY). Optional, defaults to 0 (NORMAL)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filter_code </span></b> is the reception filter code. Optional, defaults to &h00000000 (32 bits)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filter_mask </span></b> is the reception filter mask. Optional, defaults to &hFFFFFFFF (32 bits)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function returns 0 if OK or another value in case of error</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>can_mode</span></b> represents how the ESP32 interfaces with the BUS</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="affff1" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>can_mode</span></b></p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal; border:none'> <b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> NORMAL</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Normal operating mode where CAN controller can send/receive/acknowledge messages</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>NO ACK</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Transmission does not require acknowledgment. Use this mode for self testing</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> LISTEN ONLY</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">The CAN controller will not influence the bus (No transmissions or acknowledgments) but can receive messages</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filter_code and filter_mask</span></b> can be used to filter messages of a particular ID.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a class="msocomanchor" id="_anchor_11" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_11','_com_11')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_11')" href="start.htm#_msocom_11" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_11">[11]</a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.SETUP</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>500, 4, 5, 1<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'Set the bus at 500Kb/sec in NO ACK mode using the pins 4 and 5</span></span></b></p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367559"><u>CAN.INIT</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">Alternatively, the CAN BUS can be initialised using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> CAN.INIT</span></b>; this function has the same functionality such as the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> CAN.SETUP</span></b> but gives more control on the BUS timing (<b><i><u>for advanced users</u></i></b>) :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.INIT</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>pin_tx, pin_rx, can_mode, brp, tset_1, tseg_2, sjw, triple_sampling, [filter_code, filter_mask]<span style='color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">where :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>pin_tx</span></b> is the pin of the ESP32 used for the TX signal (connected to the transceiver)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>pin_rx</span></b> is the pin of the ESP32 used for the RX signal (connected to the transceiver)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>can_mode </span></b> can be 0 (NORMAL), 1 (NO ACK) or 2 (LISTEN ONLY)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>brp </span></b> is the Baudrate prescaler (i.e., APB clock divider) can be any even number from 2 to 128</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>tset_1 </span></b> is the Timing segment 1 (Number of time quanta, between 1 to 16)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>tset_2 </span></b> is the Timing segment 2 (Number of time quanta, 1 to 8)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>sjw </span></b> is the Synchronization Jump Width (Max time quanta jump for synchronize from 1 to 4)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>triple_samp </span></b> can be 1 to enable the triple sampling when the CAN controller samples a bit</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filter_code </span></b> is the reception filter code. Optional, defaults to &h00000000 (32 bits)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>filter_mask </span></b> is the reception filter mask. Optional, defaults to &hFFFFFFFF (32 bits)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function returns 0 if OK or another value in case of error</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a class="msocomanchor" id="_anchor_12" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_12','_com_12')" onmouseout= "msoCommentHide('_com_12')" href="start.htm#_msocom_12" language= "JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_12">[12]</a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.INIT</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#4A86E8'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>4, 5, 2, 8, 15, 4, 3, 0<span style='color:#4A86E8'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'Set the bus at 500Kb/sec in LISTEN ONLY mode using the pins 4 and 5</span></span></b></p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367560"><u>CAN.STOP</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.STOP</span></b> permits to stop the driver disconnecting it from the BUS :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.STOP</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function returns 0 if OK or another value in case of error</p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367561"><u>CAN.WRITE</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.WRITE</span></b> permits to write a message on the BUS; the message can be composed from 0 to 8 bytes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.WRITE</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span> id, can_flags [,b0 [,b1 [,b2 [,b3 [,b4 [,b5 [,b6 [,b7 ]]]]]]]]<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">where :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>id</span></b> is the ID of the message to be sent; must be 11 bits or 29 bits for extended messages</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>can_flags</span></b> is used to indicate the type of message transmitted/received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>b0 ... b7</span></b> message bytes. Any combination from 0 to 8 bytes can be specified</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function returns 0 if OK or 1 of message not sent correctly</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>can_flags</span></b> represents the type of message transmitted/received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="affff2" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>can_flags</span></b></p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>0</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">No message flags (Standard Frame Format)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>1</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Extended Frame Format (29bit ID)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>2</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message is a Remote Transmit Request</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>4</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Transmit as a Single Shot Transmission</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>8</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Transmit as a Self Reception Request</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121" valign="top" style= 'width:90.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> 16</p> </td> <td width="597" valign="top" style= 'width:447.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"> Message's Data length code is larger than 8. This will break compliance with CAN2.0B</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> PRINT</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.WRITE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#4A86E8'>(</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>&h12345678, 1, 10, 20, 30<span style='color:#4A86E8'>)</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'Send an extended message with ID &h12345678 composed of 3 bytes (10, 20, 30)</span></span></b></p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367562"><u>CAN.WRITE_IOBUFF</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">The message can also be sent using the IOBUFFERS with the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas; color:fuchsia'> CAN.WRITE_IOBUFF</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.WRITE_IOBUFF</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>bufnum<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function returns 0 if OK or 1 of message not sent correctly</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The iobuffer must be set before and must contains from 5 to 13 bytes structured as below :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <table class="affff3" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="718" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>IOBUFFER BYTE</span></b></p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-left:none;background:#B7B7B7;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b>DESCRIPTION</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>0</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message ID Byte 0 (Most significant byte)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>1</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message ID Byte 1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>2</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message ID Byte 2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>3</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message ID Byte 3 (Least significant byte)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>4</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Can_flags defined as the previous table</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141" valign="top" style= 'width:105.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'>5 to 12</p> </td> <td width="577" valign="top" style= 'width:432.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal">Message bytes ( can span from 5 to 12 for message bytes 0 to 8)</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h5><a name="_Toc176367563"><u>ONCANBUS</u></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal">Another event, <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ONCANBUS</span></b> , has been included to determine when a CAN message has been received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ONCANBUS</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>canbus_received</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Inside this event, it is possible to read and analyse the content of the message received.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">When this event occurs, the following functions are available :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.IDENT</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.IDENT</span></b> that returns the ID of the message received</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>id <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.IDENT</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.FLAGS</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.FLAGS</span></b> that returns the flags of the message received</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>flags <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.FLAGS</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.LEN</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.LEN</span></b> that returns the length of the message received (the content bytes)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.LEN</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BYTE</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The content of the message can then be read byte per byte using the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.BYTE</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.BYTE</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>num<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns the content of the byte <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'> num</span></b> from the message received (the content bytes from 0 to 7)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.READ_IOBUFF</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The message can also be received using the IOBUFFERS with the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.READ_IOBUFF</span></b> :</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ret <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>CAN.READ_IOBUFF</span><span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>(</span>bufnum<span style= 'color:#4A86E8'>)</span></span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Returns the number of bytes received (the content)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">This function “copies” the content of the received buffer into the buffer <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas'>bufnum</span></b> without any impact on the function <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> CAN.BYTE</span></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> Example:</p> <table class="affff4" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'CANBUS example</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'init the canbus</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'print can.setup(500, 26, 5, 1) ' speed, pin_tx, pin_rx</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' speed can be 25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 500 or 800 Kbits/sec</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'can.setup can also have other optional arguments</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'print can.setup(500, 4, 5, 0, &h00000000, &hffffffff) ' speed, pin_tx, pin_rx, mode, filter_code, filter_mask</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' the mode can be 0:normal, 1:no_ack_tx, 2:listen_only</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>can.init<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>26, 5, 1, 8, 15, 4, 3, 1, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h0, <span style='color:red'>&</span>hffffffff<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' pin_tx, pin_rx, mode, brp, tset_1, tseg_2, sjw, triple_sampling, filter_code, filter_mask</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'prepare an iobuffer containing an iobuffer to be sent</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> iobuff.dim</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 13<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style= 'color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:red'>&</span>h12, <span style='color:red'>&</span>h34, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h56, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h78, 0 , <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h33, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h44, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h55, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h66, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h77, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h88, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>h99, <span style= 'color:red'>&</span>haa</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' id id id id flag b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'defines the place where jumps when receiving CAN messages</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>ONCANBUS canbussi</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 1000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>' the message can be sent using iobuffers</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print can.write_iobuff(0)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'or directly using the command write</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> <span style= 'color:#FFAA00'>"tx "</span>; can.write<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span> z, 0, 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>' id flag bytes 0 - 7</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>pause</span> 1000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "end sending"</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'can message reception routine</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>canbussi:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'the message can be extracted using these functions</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "canbussi "</span>; <span style= 'color:#FF5500'>hex$</span><span style= 'color: #2266FF'>(</span>can.ident<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span>; <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" "</span>; can.flags; <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" "</span>; can.len; <span style='color:#FFAA00'>" bytes "</span>;</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'the content can be read byte per byte</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>k <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 7</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:blue'>print</span> can.byte<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>k<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span>,</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>k</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'or the message can be routed into an iobuffer and extracted byte per byte</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'print can.read_iobuff(1)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'print iobuff.len(1)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'print iobuff.read(1, 0), iobuff.read(1, 1), iobuff.read(1, 2), iobuff.read(1, 3), iobuff.read(1, 4)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> return</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h4> <a name="_Toc176367564">CANBUS BUFFERS</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>In addition to the previous functions,Annex implements the support for up-to 32 (from 0 to 31) dedicated reception buffers that can be read at any pace individually.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>Each buffer has its own filter and mask and it can be polled without requiring the use of the interrupt.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>The filter / mask defined in the</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.SETUP</span></b> <span style= 'color:#222222;background:white'>function will act as a global filter and will be applicable to all the buffers.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>When a new data arrives, it will be filtered and stored in the corresponding buffer.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>If an existing data is already present, it will not be overridden (the new one will be discarded), the reason is to avoid any change of data during the processing phase.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>To accept to receive new data, the buffer must be released with the command</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_CLEAR(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buf_num<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>These are several additional functions :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN..BUF_FILTER</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CAN.BUF_FILTER(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>buf_no, code [,mask]<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style= 'color:#99CC00'>'set the filter</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>example</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CAN.BUF_FILTER(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>0, &h1234<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'defines the ID &h1234 for the buffer 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_FILTER(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, &h1234, &hf<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'defines the ID &h1234 for the buffer 0 with a mask of &hf .In this case the addresses accepted will be from &h1230 to &h123f (last 4 bits at 1)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BUF_IDENT</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_IDENT(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buf_no<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'returns the ident </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BUF_LEN</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>CAN.BUF_LEN(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>buf_no<span style='color:blue'>)</span> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'returns the length of the data received in the buffer</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BUF_FLAGS</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_FLAGS(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buf_no<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'returns the flags </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BUF_BYTE</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_BYTE(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buf_no, byte_pos<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'returns the byte </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>CAN.BUF_CLEAR</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> ret</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red'>=</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_CLEAR(</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>buf_no<span style='color:blue'>)</span></span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'clear the buffer and returns 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>The</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_LEN</span></b> <span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'>can be used to determine if new data has arrived and, when the processing of the data is terminated, the buffer can be released using</span> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> CAN.BUF_CLEAR</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><span style= 'color:#222222; background:white'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> Example:</p> <table class="affff5" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00;background:white'> 'init the canbus</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00;background:white'> 'can.setup can also have other optional arguments</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia;background:white'> can.setup</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>500, 26, 5, 0,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red; background:white'> &</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>h00000000,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: Consolas;color:red;background:white'> &</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>hffffffff</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00;background:white'> ' speed, pin_tx, pin_rx, mode, filter_code, filter_mask</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00;background:white'> ' the mode can be 0:normal, 1:no_ack_tx, 2:listen_only</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> can.BUF_FILTER</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red;background:white'> &</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>h123</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> can.BUF_FILTER</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red;background:white'> &</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>h456</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue;background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> can.BUF_FILTER</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2,</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red;background:white'> &</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>h789</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF;background:white'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> z</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:red;background:white'> =</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> 0</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF;background:white'> to</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> 10000000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'> (</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>0</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>))</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> then</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue; background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500; background:white'> hex$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>can.BUF_IDENT</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>))</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_FLAGS</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_BYTE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0, 0</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_clear</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>0</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'> (</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>1</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>))</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> then</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue; background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500; background:white'> hex$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>can.BUF_IDENT</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>))</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_FLAGS</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_BYTE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1, 0</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_clear</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>1</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'> (</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'>2</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF; background:white'>))</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> then</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue; background:white'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#FF5500; background:white'> hex$</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>can.BUF_IDENT</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>))</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_FLAGS</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_LEN</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_BYTE</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2, 0</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>, can.BUF_clear</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>(</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'>2</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#2266FF;background:white'>)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> end</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF; background:white'> if</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF;background:white'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222; background:white'> z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#222222;background:white'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='background:white'><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF;background:white'> wait</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'color:#222222;background:white'> </span></p> <h4 style='page-break-after:auto'><a name="_Toc176367565">RMT Module</a></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The <b>Remote Control Peripheral (RMT) module</b> on the ESP32 is a versatile and powerful feature designed to handle protocols that require precise timing, such as infrared remote control transmissions, LED strip control, and other time-sensitive communication protocols. Unlike typical digital I/O operations, the RMT module can generate and decode signals with highly accurate timing, allowing it to handle various transmission standards with minimal CPU involvement.</p> <div style='border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <h5 style='page-break-after:auto;border:none;padding:0cm'><a name= "_Toc176367566"><b>Key Features</b></a></h5> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-left:18.0pt; margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Precise timing control for generating and receiving signals</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Flexible channel configuration</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Support for continuous transmission using circular buffer mode</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top: 0cm'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Carrier modulation and demodulation capabilities</p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The number of RMT channels, their configuration for transmission (TX) and reception (RX), and the available buffer sizes depend on the specific ESP32 chip variant:</p> <table class="affff6" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="635" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:52.0pt'> <td width="60" valign="top" style= 'width:45.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP32 Variant</span></b></p> </td> <td width="73" valign="top" style= 'width:54.75pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Total RMT Channels</span></b></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:54.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Buffer Size per Channel</span></b></p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style= 'width:36.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Total RMT RAM</span></b></p> </td> <td width="210" valign="top" style= 'width:157.5pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Memory Management</span></b></p> </td> <td width="78" valign="top" style= 'width:58.5pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Channel Sync Capability</span></b></p> </td> <td width="94" valign="top" style= 'width:70.5pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:52.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>RX demodulation Capability</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:69.0pt'> <td width="60" valign="top" style= 'width:45.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP32</span></b></p> </td> <td width="73" valign="top" style= 'width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>8</span></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:54.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>64 x 32-bit memory blocks</span></p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style= 'width:36.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>512 x 32-bit</span></p> </td> <td width="210" valign="top" style= 'width:157.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Each channel can use up to 64 memory blocks. Channels can share memory blocks if required. Memory blocks are dynamically allocated to channels.</span></p> </td> <td width="78" valign="top" style= 'width:58.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>NO</span></p> </td> <td width="94" valign="top" style= 'width:70.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:69.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>NO</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:67.5pt'> <td width="60" valign="top" style= 'width:45.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP32-S2</span></b></p> </td> <td width="73" valign="top" style= 'width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>4</span></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:54.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>48 x 32-bit memory blocks</span></p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style= 'width:36.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>192 x 32-bit</span></p> </td> <td width="210" valign="top" style= 'width:157.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Each channel can use up to 48 memory blocks. Memory is dynamically allocated, and multiple blocks can be assigned to a single channel.</span></p> </td> <td width="78" valign="top" style= 'width:58.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> <td width="94" valign="top" style= 'width:70.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:67.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:130.5pt'> <td width="60" valign="top" style= 'width:45.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP32-S3</span></b></p> </td> <td width="73" valign="top" style= 'width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>8</span></p> <div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" /></div> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>4 TX Channels (0-3)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>4 RX Channels (4-7)</span></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:54.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>48 x 32-bit memory blocks</span></p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style= 'width:36.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>384 x 32-bit</span></p> </td> <td width="210" valign="top" style= 'width:157.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Channels 0-3 are TX only, and Channels 4-7 are RX only. Each channel can use up to 48 memory blocks.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Memory allocation is dynamic, and blocks can be shared among channels to optimise usage.</span></p> </td> <td width="78" valign="top" style= 'width:58.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> <td width="94" valign="top" style= 'width:70.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:130.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:146.5pt'> <td width="60" valign="top" style= 'width:45.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <b><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>ESP32-C3</span></b></p> </td> <td width="73" valign="top" style= 'width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>4</span></p> <div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" /></div> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>2 TX Channels (0-1)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>2 RX Channels (2-3)</span></p> </td> <td width="72" valign="top" style= 'width:54.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>48 x 32-bit memory blocks</span></p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style= 'width:36.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>192 x 32-bit</span></p> </td> <td width="210" valign="top" style= 'width:157.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Channels 0-1 are TX only, and Channels 2-3 are RX only.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style= 'font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>Each channel can use up to 48 memory blocks. Memory allocation is dynamic, and blocks can be shared among channels to optimise usage.</span></p> </td> <td width="78" valign="top" style= 'width:58.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> <td width="94" valign="top" style= 'width:70.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; height:146.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style='text-align:center'> <span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%'>YES</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <h5 style='margin-top:14.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367567"><b>Memory Management and Synchronisation of RMT Channels</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The RMT module on each ESP32 chip variant uses a flexible memory management system that allows memory blocks to be dynamically assigned to individual channels based on the application's needs:</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:12.0pt'><b>Memory Blocks</b>: Each channel is assigned a specific number of memory items, which store 32-bit wide data per item. Depending on the variant, each channel can use up to a maximum number of 48 or 64 items (a block). By default each channel is associated with a single block.</li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Dynamic Allocation</b>: The allocation of memory blocks to channels is dynamic, allowing a channel to be configured to use multiple memory blocks based on the protocol requirements. For example, a channel may need more memory blocks to handle longer data sequences or more complex communication protocols.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b>Channel Synchronisation</b>: Some ESP32 variants support the synchronisation between different RMT channels. This feature enables precise coordination of signal generation across multiple channels, which is especially useful for controlling multiple devices simultaneously or handling complex communication protocols that require synchronised timing.</li> </ol> <h5 style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367568"><b>Clock Divider</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The RMT module operates with a clock divider that scales the main system clock down to a lower frequency suitable for precise timing operations. The default clock source for the RMT module is derived from the system clock running at <b>80 MHz</b>. The clock divider adjusts this frequency to meet the specific timing requirements of the application.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The clock divider value determines how many system clock cycles are used to produce one RMT clock cycle. The divider starts at 80, meaning the RMT clock is derived by dividing the 80 MHz system clock by the divider value. This scaling allows for various timing configurations, enabling the RMT module to handle different pulse widths and frequencies.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> For example, with a clock divider of 80, the RMT clock frequency is <span style= 'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; position:relative;top:4.5pt'> <img width="141" height="20" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image045.gif" alt= "image" /></span>providing a time resolution of 1 microsecond per tick. Adjusting the divider allows for finer control over timing and signal generation.</p> <h5 style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367569"><b>RMT RAM Composition</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The RMT module utilises dedicated RAM to store and process signal data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> Each entry in the RMT RAM is a 32-bit word divided into four fields, structured as follows:</p> <table class="affff7" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="559" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr> <td width="140" valign="top" style= 'width:105.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; padding:2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>Field</b></p> </td> <td width="315" valign="top" style= 'width:236.25pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>Description</b></p> </td> <td width="104" valign="top" style= 'width:78.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-left:none;padding:2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt 2.15pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>Bits</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='height:7.5pt'> <td width="140" valign="top" style= 'width:105.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:7.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>level0</b></p> </td> <td width="315" style= 'width:236.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:7.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> Level of the first pulse (high/low)</p> </td> <td width="104" valign="top" style= 'width:78.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:7.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> 1 bit</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="140" valign="top" style= 'width:105.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>duration0</b></p> </td> <td width="315" style= 'width:236.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> Duration of the first pulse in ticks</p> </td> <td width="104" valign="top" style= 'width:78.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> 15 bits</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='page-break-inside:avoid'> <td width="140" valign="top" style= 'width:105.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>level1</b></p> </td> <td width="315" style= 'width:236.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> Level of the second pulse (high/low)</p> </td> <td width="104" valign="top" style= 'width:78.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> 1 bit</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="140" valign="top" style= 'width:105.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt; border-top:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> <b>duration1</b></p> </td> <td width="315" style= 'width:236.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> Duration of the second pulse in ticks</p> </td> <td width="104" valign="top" style= 'width:78.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'> 15 bits</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <img border="0" width="557" height="308" id="image56.png" src= "Annex32_Help_1.60.3_files/image046.jpg" alt="image" name= "image56.png" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> Each memory block consists of these four fields, totaling 32 bits (4 bytes) per item. This structure allows the RMT module to precisely control pulse lengths and signal states, enabling accurate signal generation and decoding. Each RMT item represents a single pulse, with the following fields:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Level0</b>: The state of the signal for the first half of the pulse.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Duration0</b>: The length of time the signal remains at Level0. The value is set in ticks, where each tick is determined by the clock divider.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Level1</b>: The state of the signal for the second half of the pulse.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Duration1</b>: The length of time the signal remains at Level1. Similar to Duration0, this is set in ticks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The number of items used depends on the number of pulses that need to be sent or received. Each channel can store multiple items, up to the limit specified in the table above.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The minimum value for the duration is zero (0) and is interpreted as a transmission end-marker.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The ‘duration’ fields represent the length of the pulse in terms of clock ticks. By specifying the duration, you determine how long the signal should be held at a particular level before transitioning to the next state. This allows for the precise timing and modulation of signals, crucial for tasks such as generating complex waveforms or encoding data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> For example, using a clock divider of 80, each tick corresponds to 1 microsecond.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> Therefore, the <b>Duration0</b> and <b>Duration1</b> fields directly represent pulse lengths in microseconds.</p> <div style='border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <h5 style='page-break-after:auto;border:none;padding:0cm'><a name= "_Toc176367570"><b>Memory Block Extension</b></a></h5> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-left:18.0pt; margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> All ESP32 variants allow for extending the memory blocks allocated to certain RMT channels by reducing the total number of available channels. This feature enables users to configure longer, more complex signal patterns by increasing the buffer size for specific channels. For example, on the ESP32, you can configure:</p> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-left:54.0pt; margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> 8 channels with 64 items each</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> 4 channels with 128 items each</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> 2 channels with 256 items each</p> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-left:18.0pt; margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> This flexibility allows users to balance between the number of channels and the complexity of signals they can generate or receive. By reallocating memory, it is possible to tailor the RMT peripheral to meet the specific needs of the application, whether it involves fewer channels with longer signal patterns or more channels with shorter patterns.</p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <div style='border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <h5 style= 'page-break-after:auto;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm; border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> <a name="_Toc176367571"><b>RMT Transmit Synchronisation</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm'> Transmit synchronisation in the context of RMT (Remote Control Transceiver) refers to the ability to start multiple transmit channels simultaneously with precise timing. This feature is crucial for applications that require coordinated output across multiple channels, such as:</p> </div> <div style= 'border:none #E5E7EB 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-left:18.0pt; margin-right:0cm'> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Controlling complex LED matrices or strips</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Generating multi-channel waveforms</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top: 0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Implementing protocols that require precise timing across multiple signal lines</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top: 0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> The goal of transmit synchronisation is to ensure that multiple RMT channels begin their transmission at exactly the same moment, eliminating any timing discrepancies between channels.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm;padding-top: 0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> Different ESP32 variants have varying levels of support for transmit synchronisation:</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:6.0pt;margin-left:18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none #E5E7EB'> <b>ESP32:</b><br /> This earlier variant does not have built-in hardware support for TX synchronisation.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:18.0pt;border:none; padding:0cm;padding-top:0cm'> <b>ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3:</b><br /> These newer variants include hardware support for TX synchronisation. They feature a synchronisation manager that can coordinate the start of transmission across multiple TX channels with high precision. This hardware-based approach allows for more accurate and reliable synchronised transmissions.</li> </ol> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:14.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left: 36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;page-break-after:auto'> <a name="_Toc176367572"><b>TX Transmitter Mode</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> In the transmitter mode, the RMT module of the ESP32 provides versatile capabilities for transmitting data. Key features include:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Idle Level (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>idle_level</span>)</b>: Set the signal level (high or low) on the RMT output when it is idle. This ensures a consistent signal state between transmissions.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Loop Enable (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>loop_en</span>)</b>: Enable or disable continuous looping of the data transmission.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Signal</b>: The RMT module supports the use of a carrier signal to modulate the output. This carrier signal can be customised with the following parameters:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Enable Carrier Signal (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_en</span>)</b>: Activate the carrier signal to modulate the output as required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Frequency (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_freq_hz</span>)</b>: Set a specific frequency (e.g., 38 kHz), which is commonly used in IR communication.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Duty Cycle Percentage (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_duty_percent</span>)</b>: Adjust the duty cycle of the carrier signal to define the proportion of time the signal is high within each period. This can be set to values such as 33% or any other percentage based on application needs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Level (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>carrier_level</span>)</b>: Specify the level (high or low) of the RMT output when the carrier is active, determining whether the carrier signal starts with a high or low output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt'> </p> <h5 style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367573"><b>RX Reception Mode</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> In the reception mode, the <b>RMT module</b> provides several configurable parameters to optimise signal reception and processing:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Enable Filter (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>filter_en</span>)</b>: Activates a filter on the input of the RMT receiver to remove noise and unwanted signals.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Filter Threshold (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>filter_ticks_thresh</span>)</b>: Sets the threshold for the filter in terms of the number of ticks. Pulses shorter than this value will be filtered out. The acceptable range for this value is from 0 to 255 ticks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Idle Threshold (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>idle_threshold</span>)</b>: Defines a pulse length threshold in ticks that will cause the RMT receiver to enter an idle state. Pulses longer than this threshold will be ignored, helping to manage longer, non-relevant signals.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> Additionally, the <b>RMT module</b> can optionally demodulate the input signal using the following parameters:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Enable Carrier Demodulation (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rm_carrier</span>)</b>: Activates the carrier demodulation feature to process modulated signals.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Frequency (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_freq_hz</span>)</b>: Specifies the frequency of the carrier signal in Hz, used for demodulation. This allows the receiver to correctly interpret signals modulated at specific frequencies.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Duty Cycle (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_duty_percent</span>)</b>: Sets the duty cycle of the carrier signal in percentage, which helps in accurately decoding the modulated signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier Level (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>carrier_level</span>)</b>: Defines the level of the RMT input where the carrier is modulated, indicating whether the carrier signal affects the input when active.</p> <h5 style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367574"><b>RX Reception Event</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The RMT uses the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> OnInfrared</span></b> event for the reception of RX data. This event is triggered immediately when the RMT module receives incoming data.</p> <h5 style='margin-top:14.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367575"><b>RMT Command Functions</b></a></h5> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367576"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.SETUP_TX</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>channel, pin [, clk_div] [, mem_block_num] [, idle_level] [, loop_en] [, carrier_en] [, carrier_freq_hz] [, carrier_duty_percent] [, carrier_level]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Configures an RMT channel for transmission.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>pin</span>: GPIO pin number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>clk_div</span>: Clock divider (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>80</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>mem_block_num</span>: Number of memory blocks (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>1</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>idle_level</span>: Idle level for the channel (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>RMT_IDLE_LEVEL_LOW</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>loop_en</span>: Enable looping (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>false (0)</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_en</span>: Enable carrier signal (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>false (0)</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_freq_hz</span>: Carrier frequency in Hz (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>38000</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_duty_percent</span>: Carrier duty cycle percentage (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>33</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_level</span>: Carrier level (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>RMT_CARRIER_LEVEL_HIGH</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Sets up the RMT channel for transmission with specified parameters. Uninstalls and reconfigures the RMT driver.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367577"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.WRITE</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>channel, num_items, name [, wait]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Sends data items on an RMT channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>num_items</span>: Number of items to write (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>name</span>: Integer array containing the data items, where each element is a 32-bit word that encodes levels and periods.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>wait</span>: Wait for transmission to complete (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>true</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Writes an array of RMT items to the specified channel. The <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>name</span> parameter represents an integer array where each element is a 32-bit word combining both the levels (1-bit) and periods (15-bits each for high and low durations) required for transmission. Optionally waits for the transmission to complete.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367578"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.ENCODE</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>channel, num_items, array() [, wait]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Encodes data items for transmission on an RMT channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>num_items</span>: Number of items to encode (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array</span>: A two-dimensional array containing the data to encode:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][0]</span>: Level 0</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][1]</span>: Duration 0</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][2]</span>: Level 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][3]</span>: Duration 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>wait</span>: Wait for transmission to complete (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>true</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Encodes data for transmission from a two-dimensional array where each row represents a data item to be transmitted. The array must be defined beforehand with levels and durations structured as shown. The encoded data is then written to the specified channel, and it optionally waits for transmission to complete.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367579"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.SETUP_RX</span></b></a> <b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>channel, pin [, clk_div] [, mem_block_num] [, invert] [, filter_en] [, filter_ticks_thresh] [, idle_threshold] [, rm_carrier] [, carrier_freq_hz] [, carrier_duty_percent] [, carrier_level]</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Configures an RMT channel for reception.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>pin</span>: GPIO pin number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>clk_div</span>: Clock divider (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>80</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>mem_block_num</span>: Number of memory blocks (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>1</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>invert:</span> Inverts the polarity of the signal (optional integer, default is <span style='font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>false (0)</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>filter_en</span>: Enable filter (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>true (1)</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>filter_ticks_thresh</span>: Filter ticks threshold (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>100</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>idle_threshold</span>: Idle threshold (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>65535</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rm_carrier</span>: Remove carrier signal (optional boolean, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>true</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_freq_hz</span>: Carrier frequency in Hz (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>38000</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_duty_percent</span>: Carrier duty cycle percentage (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>33</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>carrier_level</span>: Carrier level (optional integer, default is <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>RMT_CARRIER_LEVEL_HIGH</span>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Configures the RMT channel for reception with specified parameters. Uninstalls and reconfigures the RMT driver, sets up a ring buffer for received data, and starts the reception.</p> <h5 style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:35.4pt'><a name= "_Toc176367580"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.READ</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>array()</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Reads data items from an RMT channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array</span>: Integer array where the received data will be stored, with each element being a 32-bit word that encodes levels and periods.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Reads data from the RMT ring buffer and stores it in an integer array (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array</span>). The array will contain 32-bit words, with each word representing the levels (1-bit) and periods (15-bits each for high and low durations) that were received. The array must be pre-defined before use.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367581"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.DECODE</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Consolas'>array()</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Decodes received data from an RMT channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array</span>: A two-dimensional array to store the decoded data:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][0]</span>: Level 0</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][1]</span>: Duration 0</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][2]</span>: Level 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>array[x][3]</span>: Duration 1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Decodes data from the RMT ring buffer into a two-dimensional array format where each row corresponds to a decoded item with levels and durations structured as shown. The array must be pre-defined before use.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367582"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.ADD_GROUP</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>channel</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Adds an RMT channel to a group for synchronised transmission.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Adds the specified RMT channel to a group. This is used to define a set of channels that should transmit signals simultaneously. The transmission is synchronised, starting only when all channels in the group are ready.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367583"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family: Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.DEL_GROUP</span></b></a> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>channel</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Removes an RMT channel from a group.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Removes the specified RMT channel from a group. This action stops the channel from being part of a synchronised transmission group.</p> <h5 style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left: 35.4pt'> <a name="_Toc176367584"></a><a name= "_qbvahzonxc6p"></a><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.END</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>channel</span></b></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Purpose</b>: Terminates (unistall) an RMT channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Arguments</b>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>channel</span>: RMT channel number (integer)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Description</b>: Uninstall the specified RMT channel. This action stops the channel from being active and frees the corresponding GPIO pin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <h5 style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367585"><b>Synchronisation in Groups</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.ADD_GROUP</span></b> and<b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'>RMT.DEL_GROUP</span></b> commands manage the synchronisation of multiple RMT channels for transmission. By adding channels to a group, the user specifies which channels should start transmitting at the same time. The transmission begins only when all channels in the group are ready, ensuring synchronised signal output across multiple channels. When a writing command is given on the last channel of the group, the synchronised transmission can commence, providing coordinated timing for applications that require multiple simultaneous signals.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b> </b></p> <h5 style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'><a name= "_Toc176367586"><b>Example 1: RMT Transmission of a Pulse Sequence</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> This example demonstrates how to use the RMT (Remote Control) module on an ESP32 to transmit a sequence of pulses using the <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.ENCODE</span></b> command. Let's break down the example to understand what each part does and how it works.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b> </b></p> <table class="affff8" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' RMT example: set a sequence of 3 pulses of 1ms, 2ms, 3ms with 20msec between</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10,5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 2000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 3000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' channel, pin, clk_div, num_blocks, idle_level, loop_en, carrier_en, carrier_freq, carrier_duty_percent, carrier_level</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 47, 80, 1, 0, 1, 1, 38000, 33, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 3, a<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-bottom:2.0pt'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-bottom:2.0pt'><b><i>Pulse Sequence Setup</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The sequence of pulses is defined using a 2-dimensional array named <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a</span> in the example, where each row represents one RMT item containing pulse levels and durations.</p> <table class="affff9" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#E6B8AF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>10,5<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>0,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 2000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>1,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 3000: a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>2,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 20000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>a<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,0<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,1<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 : a<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>3,3<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(n, m)</span>: Represents a 2-dimensional array where:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(0,0)</span> to <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(3,3)</span> define the pulse sequence.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Column Definitions:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(x,0)</span>: <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level0</span> - The logic level of the pulse for the first phase.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(x,1)</span>: <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration0</span> - Duration (in ticks) for <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level0</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(x,2)</span>: <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level1</span> - The logic level of the pulse for the second phase.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(x,3)</span>: <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration1</span> - Duration (in ticks) for <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level1</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 2.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b><i>Explanation of the Sequence</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(0,0)</span> to</b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(0,3)</span></b>: First pulse:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level0</span> = 1 (High)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration0</span> = 1000 ticks (1ms)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level1</span> = 0 (Low)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration1</span> = 20000 ticks (20ms gap)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(1,0)</span> to</b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(1,3)</span></b>: Second pulse:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level0</span> = 1 (High)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration0</span> = 2000 ticks (2ms)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level1</span> = 0 (Low)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration1</span> = 20000 ticks (20ms gap)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(2,0)</span> to</b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(2,3)</span></b>: Third pulse:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level0</span> = 1 (High)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration0</span> = 3000 ticks (3ms)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Level1</span> = 0 (Low)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Duration1</span> = 20000 ticks (20ms gap)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(3,0)</span> to</b> <b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a(3,3)</span></b>: Terminates the sequence:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> All fields set to 0, indicating the end of transmission.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:4.0pt;margin-bottom: 2.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b><i>RMT Setup for Transmission</i></b></p> <table class="affffa" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:28.5pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#E6B8AF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:28.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 47, 80, 1, 0, 1, 1, 38000, 33, 1</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> command configures the transmitter with specific parameters:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span>: Channel number (0).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>47</span>: GPIO pin number (47).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>80</span>: Clock divider, resulting in a 1 MHz RMT clock.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>1</span>: Number of memory blocks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span>: Idle level set to low.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>1</span>: Loop enable, which allows the transmission to repeat indefinitely.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>1</span>: Carrier signal enabled.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>38000</span>: Carrier frequency in Hz (38 kHz).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>33</span>: Carrier duty cycle (33%).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>1</span>: Carrier level set to high when the carrier is active.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> <b><i>Encoding and Transmitting the Pulse Sequence</i></b></p> <table class="affffb" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:28.5pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#E6B8AF;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:28.5pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 3, a<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.ENCODE</span></b>command encodes the pulse sequence for transmission with the following parameters:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span>: Channel number.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>3</span>: Number of items to encode (3 pulses).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>a()</span>: The name of the array containing the pulse sequence.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Explanation of the Functionality</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> This example sets up the RMT module to send a series of three pulses, each with increasing duration, followed by a 20 ms gap. The RMT transmitter is configured to loop this sequence indefinitely.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> By using the <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>RMT.ENCODE</span> command, the user specifies the pulse sequence data, which the ESP32 will transmit on GPIO pin 47. The transmission repeats in a loop until explicitly stopped.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Key Points</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Customizable Pulse Sequences</b>: The example shows how to define complex sequences of pulses with varying durations and levels.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Loop Transmission</b>: By setting the loop enable parameter to <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>1</span>, the transmission repeats indefinitely, which is useful for applications that require a constant signal output.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Carrier and Idle Control</b>: The carrier is enabled with a frequency of 38 kHz and a 33% duty cycle, suitable for applications like IR communication.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <h5 style='margin-top:14.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367587"><b>Example 2: RMT Transmission of a Sinusoidal Pattern</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> This example configures the ESP32's RMT module to transmit a sinusoidal signal pattern using 256 data items. The waveform is generated using the <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>sin()</span> function to create a sequence of pulses that simulate a sine wave, which is useful for applications like signal generation, testing, or remote control emulation.</p> <table class="affffc" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' RMT demo for generating a sinusoidal signal pattern using 256 data items</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>256, 4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> 256</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:fuchsia'>sin</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>z<span style= 'color:red'>/</span>256<span style='color:red'>*</span><span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PI</span><span style= 'color:red'>*</span>2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>*</span> 500 <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> 501</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,2<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,3<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 5000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' channel, pin, clk_div, num_blocks, idle_level, loop_en, carrier_en, carrier_freq, carrier_duty_percent, carrier_level</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 47, 80, 6, 0, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 256, s<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Explanation of the Example</i></b></p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:12.0pt'><b>Define the Data Array:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> A 2-dimensional array <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(256, 4)</span> is defined to store 256 items, where each item represents a part of the sinusoidal waveform.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Each item contains four fields:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,0)</span>: Level of the RMT output (1 or 0).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,1)</span>: Duration of the high or low level in clock ticks (calculated using a sine function).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,2)</span>: Level of the RMT output after the initial duration (0 in this case).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,3)</span>: Duration of the low level after the initial pulse (fixed at 5000 ticks).</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="2" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Populate the Array with Sinusoidal Data:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>for</span> loop iterates from 0 to 256 to generate a sinusoidal pattern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The duration <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,1)</span> is calculated using the <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>sin()</span> function to create a value that oscillates between 1 and 1001, simulating a sine wave. This is done by multiplying the sine function's result by <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>500</span> and adding <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>501</span> to ensure a minimum duration.</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="3" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>RMT Setup for Transmission:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>RMT.Setup_TX</span> initialises the RMT transmitter on channel <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>0</span>, using GPIO pin <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>47</span>, a clock divider (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>clk_div</span>) of <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>80</span>, and allocates <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>6</span> memory blocks (<span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>num_blocks = 6</span>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Idle_level</span> is set to <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Loop mode (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>loop_en</span>) is enabled to continuously transmit the configured data.</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="4" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Encode and Transmit the Data:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rmt.ENCODE</span> encodes the data array <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s()</span> with <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>256</span> items and sends it on channel <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The function prepares the RMT module to transmit the sinusoidal pattern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Memory Block Usage</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> The example uses <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>6</span> memory blocks to store at least <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>256</span> items:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Memory Block Capacity:</b> Each block can store either <b>64 items</b> or <b>48 items</b>, depending on the ESP32 variant.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> With <b>64 items per block</b>, the 6 blocks can store a total of <b>384 items</b> (6 × 64).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> With <b>48 items per block</b>, the 6 blocks can accommodate <b>288 items</b> (6 × 48).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> This ensures that the RMT module has enough capacity to handle the entire sequence of 256 items required for the sinusoidal pattern transmission.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Key Features of This Example</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Continuous Sinusoidal Waveform Generation:</b> The example demonstrates how to use the RMT module to generate a continuous sinusoidal waveform.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Flexible Configuration:</b> The setup uses 6 memory blocks to ensure sufficient storage for the waveform, regardless of whether the block size is 64 or 48 items.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <h5 style='margin-top:14.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367588"><b>Example 3: Synchronized RMT Transmission of Sinusoidal Patterns</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> This example demonstrates how to use the ESP32's RMT module to transmit synchronised sinusoidal signal patterns using two different channels (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span> and <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>2</span>). Both channels are set up to transmit the same sinusoidal waveform, but the transmissions are synchronised to start simultaneously. This is useful in applications where multiple signals must be generated in sync, such as in lighting systems.</p> <table class="affffd" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' RMT demo for generating a sinusoidal signal pattern using 256 data items</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>K <span style='color:red'>=</span> 95 <span style='color:#99CC00'>' 95 points</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>K, 4<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0 <span style= 'color:#8866FF'>to</span> K</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,0<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,1<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style='color:fuchsia'>sin</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>z<span style= 'color:red'>/</span>K<span style='color:red'>*</span><span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PI</span><span style='color:red'>*</span>2 <span style='color:red'>-</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>PI</span><span style= 'color:red'>/</span>2<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>*</span> 500 <span style= 'color:red'>+</span> 501</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,2<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> s<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>z,3<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>)</span> <span style='color:red'>=</span> 5000</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> next</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> ' channel, pin, clk_div, num_blocks, idle_level, loop_en, carrier_en, carrier_freq, carrier_duty_percent, carrier_level</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, 47, 80, 2, 0, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> RMT.Setup_TX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, 21, 80, 2, 0, 1</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.add_group</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.add_group</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>0, K<span style='color:red'>-</span>1, s<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> pause</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>500</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.ENCODE</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>2, K<span style='color:red'>-</span>1, s<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>()</span>, 0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> end</span></b></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Explanation of the Example</i></b></p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:12.0pt'><b>Define the Data Array:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The array <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(K, 4)</span> is defined to store <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>K</span> items (where <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>K = 95</span>), representing a sinusoidal waveform.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Each item in the array has four fields:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,0)</span>: Level of the RMT output (1 or 0).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,1)</span>: Duration of the high or low level in clock ticks, calculated using the <span style='font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>sin()</span> function to generate a sinusoidal pattern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,2)</span>: Level of the RMT output after the initial duration (0 in this case).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,3)</span>: Duration of the low level after the initial pulse (fixed at 5000 ticks).</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="2" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Populate the Array with Sinusoidal Data:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>for</span> loop iterates from <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span> to <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>K</span> to generate the sinusoidal pattern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The duration <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s(z,1)</span> is calculated using <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>sin(z/K*PI*2 - PI/2) * 500 + 501</span>, which creates a shifted sine wave oscillating between 1 and 1001.</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="3" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Setup for RMT Transmission:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>First Channel Setup (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Channel 0</span>):</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>RMT.Setup_TX</span> initialises the RMT transmitter on channel <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>0</span>, using GPIO pin <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>47</span>, a clock divider (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>clk_div</span>) of <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>80</span>, and allocates <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>2</span> memory blocks (<span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>num_blocks = 2</span>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Loop mode (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>loop_en</span>) is enabled to continuously transmit the configured data.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Second Channel Setup (</b><b><span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>Channel 2</span>):</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Similarly, <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>RMT.Setup_TX</span> initialises another RMT transmitter on channel <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>2</span>, using GPIO pin <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>21</span>, the same clock divider (<span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>clk_div</span>) of <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>80</span>, and <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>2</span> memory blocks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Loop mode (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>loop_en</span>) is also enabled for this channel.</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="4" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Add Channels to the Group for Synchronized Transmission:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rmt.add_group</span> adds both channels (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span> and <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>2</span>) to a synchronisation group. This allows the signals from both channels to be transmitted simultaneously.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The transmission for both channels will start only when all channels in the group are ready.</p> <ol style='margin-top:0cm' start="5" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b>Encode and Transmit the Data:</b></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rmt.ENCODE 0, K, s(), 0</span> encodes the data array <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>s()</span> with <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>K</span> items and sends it on channel <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>0</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> After a pause of <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>500</span> milliseconds, <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rmt.ENCODE 2, K, s(), 0</span> encodes the data array <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>s()</span> with the same <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono"; color:#188038'>K</span> items and sends it on channel <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>2</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> The transmission will start simultaneously on both channels</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Memory Block Usage</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Each channel is configured to use <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>2</span> memory blocks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> Each memory block can store <b>64</b> or <b>48</b> items, depending on the configuration.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> With <span style='font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>2</span> memory blocks, each channel can store a maximum of:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>128 items</b> (2 × 64) if the block size is 64 items.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:108.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>■<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>96 items</b> (2 × 48) if the block size is 48 items.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ○<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> This configuration is sufficient to store the <span style= 'font-family: "Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>95</span> items generated for the sinusoidal pattern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-top:14.0pt'><b><i>Key Features of This Example</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Synchronised Sinusoidal Waveform Transmission:</b> This example demonstrates how to use two RMT channels to transmit synchronised waveforms, which is useful in applications requiring precise timing across multiple outputs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'>●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Configurable Waveform:</b> The sinusoidal pattern is generated dynamically using the <span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>sin()</span> function, and its duration can be easily adjusted by modifying the parameters.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'> ●<span style= 'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span> <b>Flexible Grouping:</b> Adding channels to a group (<span style= 'font-family:"Roboto Mono";color:#188038'>rmt.add_group</span>) enables simultaneous transmission, which is critical in applications like synchronised lighting</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> </p> <h5 style='margin-top:14.0pt;page-break-after:auto'><a name= "_Toc176367589"><b>Example 4: Infrared Signal Reception and Decoding with RMT on ESP32</b></a></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style= 'margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom: 12.0pt;margin-left:0cm'> This example demonstrates how to configure an RMT channel on the ESP32 to receive an infrared signal from a specified GPIO pin and decode it into a usable format. The example showcases how to set up the RMT receiver, handle the incoming signal, and convert it into a binary value that represents the transmitted IR code.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style='margin-right:4.0pt;text-align:justify'> <b> </b></p> <table class="affffe" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="714" style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'> <tr style='height:59.0pt'> <td width="714" valign="top" style= 'width:535.5pt;border:solid black 3.0pt; background:#F3F3F3;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:59.0pt'> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#99CC00'> 'RMT example on IR signal decoding</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:fuchsia'> pin</span></b><b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>.mode 42, <span style='color:blue'>input</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.Setup_RX</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>4,42,80</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> dim</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>rx<span style='color:#2266FF'>(</span>64<span style='color:#2266FF'>)</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> onInfrared</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>doRMT</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> wait</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>doRMT:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>t <span style='color:red'>=</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>millis</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> rmt.decode</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>rx<span style='color:#2266FF'>()</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:blue'> print</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'><span style='color:#FFAA00'> "RMT",</span> <span style='color:fuchsia'>ubound</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>rx<span style='color:#2266FF'>())</span>, <span style='color:fuchsia'>millis</span><span style= 'color:red'>-</span>t</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'>res<span style='color:red'>=</span>0</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas;color:#8866FF'> for</span></b> <b><span style= 'font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Consolas'>z<span style='color:red'>=</span>0 <span style='color:#8866FF'>to</span> <span style= 'color:fuchsia'>ubound</span><span style= 'color:#2266FF'>(</span>rx<span style= 'color:#2266FF'>())</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style= 'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:Consolas'> <span style='color:#99CC00'>'print z, rx(z,0), rx(z,1), rx(z,2), rx(z
